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16 Cards in this Set

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Short term effects of diabetes
Polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia
Long term effects of diabetes
1- Cardiovascular dysfunctions: compromised circulation, inc atherosclerosis, renal damage (diabetic nephropathy)
2- Vision changes: diabetic retinopathy (macular edema), altered osmotic pressure in lens, glaucoma, cataracts
3- Peripheral neuropathy
4- Inc infections
T/F Diabetic pathologies can be reduced if blood glucose regulation is maintained
True
Protamine insulin
Insulin + protamine= larger crystals and longer duration of action

* Genetically engineered human insulins are now used
Short acting insulins (2-5 hrs) (4)
1- Crystalline insulin
2- Lispro
3- Aspart
4- Glulisine
Long acting insulins (24+ hrs) (2)
1- Detemir
2- Glargine
Intermediate acting insulin
1- Isophane (NPH) insulin
- Neutral protamine Hagedron
- Insulin + protamine
- Most likely to be antigenic
1st generation of sulphonylureas (3)
1- Tolbutamide
2- Tolazamide
3- Chlopropamide
2nd generation of sulphonylureas (3)
1- Glipizide
2- Glyburide
3- Glimepiride
Sulphonylurea-like agents (2)
1- Repaglinide
2- Nateglinide
Stimulators of insulin release overview
- The sulphonylureas and sulphonylurea-like agents
- Bind to a site on K+ channels and inhibit K+ movement
- Toxicities: hypoglycemia and hypoglycemic shock
- Indications: Type 2 diabetic changes; Px when diet isn't enough
- Contraindications: Renal & hepatic dysfunctions
Incretin analogs (2)
1- Exenatide: Activates receptor (increase insulin); SE pancreatitis
2- Liraglutide: Activates a receptor
DPP-4 Inhibitors (3)- Anti-hyperglycemic
"the Gliptins"
1- Sitagliptin
2- Saxagliptin
3- Linagliptin
Insulin Enhancers (3)
1- Metformin: DOC for type 2 diabetics; enzyme activator; inc glucose absorption by muscle and dec its production in the liver; SE. lactic acidosis (potentially fatal), nausea, and diarrhea
2- Rosiglitazone: Binds to PPAR receptor; SE: weight gain, edema, macular edema, inc CHF
3- Pioglitazone: " "
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (2)
1- Acarbose
2- Miglitol

- Anti-diabetic drugs
- SE: cramps, diarrhea
Amylin analog (1)
1- Pramlintide
- Binds to a receptor; dec gastric emptying and appetite
- SE: hypoglycemia