Pharmacology midterm 1

Used for T3 production in hypothyroidism.
half life- 1 day
not common

T4 production in hypothyroidism
half life- 7 days
benefit of change in 4-6 weeks

calcium and iron.
best on an empty stomach

prevents t3 and t4 production in hyperthyroidism
S.E.- hypoprothrobinemia
hematological effects

treats hyperthyroidism (taken PO)

most common treatment of hyperthyroidism.
kills hyperactive thyroid cells

largest endocrine gland
synthesize, stores and secretes T3 and T4
Also secretes calcitonin

releases PTH which restores calcium levels back to normal
hyperactive PTH will cause bone degredation

Essential for calcium absorption from GI
Vitamin D2- ergocalciferol
D3- cholecalciferol
Active Vit D commerically available- calcitriol

Growth hormone released from pituitary
deficiency= dwarfism
excess= acromegaly, gigantism

synthetic growth hormone
use to treat children who show deficiency
used in adults as well (smaller dose)

inhibits GH from pituitary

inhibits GH from pituitary
sandostatin

somavert
inhibits GH from pituitary

somatuline
inhibits GH from pituitary

antidiuretic hormone
secreted by pituitary
affects absorption/ excretion from kidneys
treats diabetes insipidus
desmopressin is synthetic

from pituitary
induces labour
stops uterine hemmorhaging

cortisol (from body)
hydrocortisone
cortisone
prednisone
methylprednisolon
dexamethasone

used to replace mineralocorticoids
(aldosterone- sodium/potassium balance)

replacement for deficiency (addisons)
A-I
ashtma
RA
collagen, vascular disease
renal disease
autoimmune diseases

aspart
lispro
glulisine
act 10-20 minutes
can cause hypoglycemia

regular
toronto
45 minutes
can cause hypoglycemia

NPH
1-2 hour onset

detemir
glargine
slow onset- hours

70 NPH
30 Regular

aspart
lispro
glulisine
act 10-20 minutes
can cause hypoglycemia

regular
toronto
45 minutes
can cause hypoglycemia

NPH
1-2 hour onset

detemir
glargine
slow onset- hours

70 NPH
30 Regular

70 NPH
30 regular

70 aspart protein
30 aspart

70 lispro protein
30 lispro

delays absorption of some sugars
does not cause hypoglycemia
can cause gas and abd. discomfort

glyburide, gliclazide, glimepiride
stimulates insulin release from pancreas
insulin secretagogue
patients must eat regular meals to prevent hypoglycemia

nateglinide, repaglinide
insulin secretagogue
stimulates insulin secretion from pancreas
can cause hypoglycemia

metformin
natural source originally from french lilac.
decreases sugar production in liver
helps insulin work in muscles
decreases appetite
decreases sugar absorption in gut
avoid in CHF, renal and liver failure
does not cause hypoglycemia

rosiglitazone, pioglitazone
reduces insulin resistance
does not cause hypoglycemia
S.E.=CV events, some taken off market. avoid in CHF, hepatic failure

sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin
stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells in pancreas
does not cause hypoglycemia

injection once a day
increases insulin secretion from pancreas
reduces glucose production from liver
decreases weight
S.E.- pancreatitis?

inject twice daily
incretin mimetic new in 2011
patient should eat small meals to minimize nausea
causes rapid weight loss

etidronate, alendronate, risedronate, pamidronate (IV), zoledronic acid (IV)
increases bone density
most commonly used with Calc. Vit D
interacts with food/ drugs

Raloxifene
used for osteoporosis
acts as estrogen on bone and lipids
may increase risk of blood clots, leg cramps and hot flashes

decreases bone resorption
used for treatment of osteoporosis and bone pain with fractures

synthetic PTH
used in osteoporosis
increases bone formation
use only 24 months in lifetime (bone cancer)

replacement therapy after menopause
oral contraceptive
dysmenorrhea

dysfunctional uterine bleeding
supplement around menopause with estrogen to treat menopausal symptoms
oral contraceptive

the pill
vaginal ring
patch
long acting injection
IUD impregnated

much lower potency than birth control
if no uterus, estrogen only
if uterus, estrogen and progesterone
decreases risk of fractures

testosterone
used in low doses as suplements when low levels produce deficiency
tablets, patches, gels, injections

rarely used as meds
athletes use them illegally
significant risks associated with doses
hepatoxicity, infertility, lipid abnormalities, HT, edema

ASA
ibuprofen
naproxen
indomethacin
inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins which are mediators of pain, and fever. also protects stomach lining

calecoxib
rofecoxib
valdecoxib
GI problems (with prostaglandins) are eliminated, but many removed from market because of higher risk of CVD.

analgesia, anti-inflammatory properties, antipyretic, antiplatelet

codeine, morphine, hydromorphone, oxycodon, diamorphone, fentanyl, meperidine, methadone

pentazocine
nalbuphine
butorphanol
moderate pain control (when used with agonist will become an antagonist)

naloxone
naltrexone
methylnaltrexone

NSAID + narcotic +biphosphonate

tricylic antidepressant
phenytoin
corticosteroids

tricyclic antidepressant

simethicone, metoclopramide

is not an opioid but acts partially like narcotics and partially like an antidepressant