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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Pharmokinetics
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The study of drug movement through the body
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What are the four basic pharmokinetic processes?
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Absorprion, Distribution, Metabolism, Execretion
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Define Absorprion
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The movement of the drug from its side of administration into the blood
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Define distribution
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dRUG MOVEMENT TO THE INTERSTITIAL SPACE OF TISSUES AND FROM THERE INTO CELLS
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Deine Execretion
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The movemet of drugs and their metabolites out of the body
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What are the three ways that the knowledge of a pharmokinetics may benifet the nurse?
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-Checking physicians orders
-Increase job satasfaction -Nurses will be less likely to commit medical errors |
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What does the rate of absorption determine?
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How soon the effects will begin
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What does the ammount of absorption help determine?
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How intense effects will be
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Name five factors affecting drug absorption
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Rate of dissolution, surface area, blood flow, lipid solubility,and ph partioning
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How does the rate of dissolution affect drug absorption?
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Before a drug can be absorbed, it must first be dissolved, so the rate of disssolution helps determine the rate of absorption.
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Hwo does the surface area available affect drug absorption?
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The larger the area, the faster absorption will be.
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How does blood flow affect drug absor[tion?
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Drugs are absorbed more rapidly from sites where blood flow is high
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Explain Why lipid soluble drugs are absorbed more rapidly than drugs whos lipid solubility is low.
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Lipid soluble drugs can readily cross the membranes that seperate them from the blood, where as drugs of low lipid solubility cannot.
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Define enteral
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Via the GI Tract
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What is the literal definition of parenteral?
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Outside the GI Tract
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What is the Common definition of parenteral?
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By injection
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Explain whey when a drug is administered IV there are no barriers to absorption and the absorption is both instantaneous and complete.
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Goes directly into the blood, there is no barrier to absorption.
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What are four advantages of intravenous administration?
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Rapid onset, Control, Use of large fluid volumes, use of irritant drugs.
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Describe Rapid onset
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Because it is absorbed direscly into the blood the action of the drug is rapid
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Describe control
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Control over the levels of drug in the blood:Dosing control.
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What are the 5 disadvantages of Intravenous administration.
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-High cost, difficulty, and inconvenience
-Irreversibility -Fluid overload -Infection -Embolism (Contaminate) |
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How significant is the barrier to absorption when using the intramuscular route of administration?
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No significant barrier
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What two factors can affect the rate of absorption when giving a drug by the IM route?
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1. Water solubility of the drug- drugs that are highly soluble in water will absorb rapidly. 10-30 mins
2. Blood flow to the site of injection- Absorption is rapid where blood flow is high |
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Name two advantages to using the IM route Instead of the IV route.
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1. Can be used for parenteral administration of a poorly soluble drug.
2. Use it to administer depot preperations(preperations in which the frug is absorbed slowly over an extended period of time.) |
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Name and explain two disadvantages to using the IM route instead of the IV route or the oral route.
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1. Discomfort and inconvenience
2. Can cause local tissue injury and possible nerve damage. |
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How do the advantages and disadvantages of the subcutaneous route compare to the Intramuscular route?
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Fill
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What is the major barrier to absorption when drugs are given orally?
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GI Epithellium
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Name 6 factors that can affect the rate and extent of absorption of drugs administered orally.
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-Solubility and stability of the drug
-Gastric and intestinal PH -Gastric emptying time -Food in the GI tract -Coadministration of other drugs -Special coatings on the drug preperations |
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When a drug is swallowed and absorbed inthe GI tract, what organ must it pass through in order to enter the general circulation?
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Liver
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Name the two major advantages of the Po route over the IV,IM, SuBQ routes.
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Easy, convenient, inexpensive, safer than injection, Inducing emesis, inducing catharsis, preventing absorption into the blood
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What are the 4 disadantages to using the oral route of drug administration?
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Variability, Inactivation, patient requirements, local irritation
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Describe variability
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Difficult to control the onset, intensity and duration of responses
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Describe inactivation
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Enzymes, acid
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Patient requirements
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Psychosis, seizure, obstinancy, nausea
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Local irritation
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Of the GI tract- can cause discomfort, nausea, and vomiting
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Define Chemical equivelance
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If they contain the same ammount of the identical chemical compound
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Define Bioavalibility
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If the drug they contain is absorbed at the same rate to the same extent
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How may 2 tablets that contain the same drug differ?
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In their rates of disintegration and dissolution, causing differences in bioavalibility (onsed and intensity of effects)
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Name the 2 general purposes for the use of enteric coated tablets.
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Protect drugs from the pepsin and acid in the stomache, and protect the stomache from the drugs that cause gastric discomfort
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Describe how sustained release capsules work to vary the release of the drug through the day.
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Because some spheres dissolve more slowly than others, the drug is released steadily throughout the day
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Name two advantages for the use of sustained release capsules
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To permit a reduction in the number of daily doses, and producing relatively steady drug levels over an extended time.
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Name six additional routes of administration.
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Topically, inhaled, rectal suppository, vaginal suppository, direct injection into a specific site, transdermal.
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Compare topical and transdermal
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Topiical is applied to surfaces for local therapy, transdermal is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the skin
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What are examples of direct injection into specific sites?
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Intracardiac, intraarticular, intrathecal
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Define distribution
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The movement of drugs throughout the body
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List three major factofs affecting drug distribution
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Blood flow to the tissues, the ability of a drug to exit the vascular system, the ability of a drug to enter cells
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Name tow pathological conditions where treatments is difficult because of poor blood flow to the tissues
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Abscesses, tumors
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Describe how drugs usually leave a capillary to center the interstitial space in the tissue
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fill
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Name two organs in the body where drugs must cross a cell membrane to pass through the capillary walls
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fill
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If a drug can b ind easily to albumin (a plasma protein) in the blood, how can this affect the ammount of drug avaliable to the desired site of action?
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fill
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If a large percentage of molecules of a certain drug is bound to albumin molecules in the bloodstream and another drug knocks a lot of the molecules off and takes their place, what potentially could happen?
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May not get out of the blood into the tissue
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Define Metabolism
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fill
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What is another word for metabolism?
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Biotrransformation
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Where does most drug metabolism take place?
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Liver
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List six possible consequences of drug metabolism that have therapeutic significance
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Accelerated renal drug execretion, drug inactivation, increased therapeutic action, activation of prodrugs, increased or decreased toxcicity
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What is the most imporntant consequence of drug metabolism?
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Promotion of renal drug execution
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