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29 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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T cells origin from...
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Bone marrow stem cells
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T cells migrate where for further differentiation?
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In the Thymus.
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What does CD stand for?
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"Cluster of Differentiation"
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What are CD4+ T cells?
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Cytokine-secreting helper cells
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What are the 2 major types of CD4+ T cells seen in this course? What do they do?
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- TH1: Type I helper T cells, which secrete Interleukin 2 (IL2) and interferon gamma (IFNγ).
- TH2: Type II helper T cells TH2 which secrete IL4 and IL5. |
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What do the secretions of TH1 facilitate?
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cell-mediated immunity (activation of macrophages and T-cell mediated cytotoxicity)
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The TH2 cells help which process?
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Production of antibodies by B cells.
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Where do the peptides which bind to MHC Class II come from?
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They come from proteins which have been internalized by the cell and then degraded.
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What is hte role of CD8+ T cells?
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Play a role in the elimination of virally infected cells.
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How does a virally infected cell target itself for the cytotoxic T cell?
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By displaying peptides derived from intracellular viral protein on its surface.
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The viral proteins are bound to what on virally infected cells?
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Viral peptides are bound to peptide-binding regions of class I MHC molecules.
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What are the earliest B cells which develop? Which CD do they express that B2 do not?
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B1; they express CD5.
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B1 cells are the source of ..., which are ... antibodies.
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"natural antibodies";
IgM. |
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What are the B cells that develop later? Mature B2 cells coexpress which antibodies on their cell surface?
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B2 cells;
IgM and IgD; |
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Where do the final stages of differentiation of B2 cells into plasma cells occur?
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In the germinal centres of secondary lymphoid tissues
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To elicit a strong antibody response, B cells require:
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- antigen
- T cells for direct contant (usually TH2 cells) - soluble cytokines (e.g. IL4 + IL13, INFg or IL10) - certain adhesion molecules |
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What is clonal selection?
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Involved the proliferation of cells which recognize a specific antigen.
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Which antibody class is the first to appear in primary immune response?
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IgM class
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Once IgM is bound to the antigen, it is a powerful activator of what? Why?
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The classical pathway complement;
It is due to the adjacent positioning of the Fc regions. |
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What is the most important class of Ig's in secondary immune response?
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IgG class
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Exposure to a foreign antigen yields a ... response.
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Biphasic response
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what happens during the first phase of the biphasic response?
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production of IgM, following by production of IgG.
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what happens during the second phase of the biphasic response?
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reduction of IgM followed by ad increase of IgG.
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How many different molecules are there in the complement system? What % of the total serum proteins do they occupy?
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~20 serum proteins (some of them are proteases);
They occupy ~10% of the total serum proteins. |
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How is the complement pathway activated?
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By the Ag-Ab complex.
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What are the principal functions of the complement system? initiation of...
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1) chemotactic factors
2) vasodilation factors 3) factors that increase phagocytosis 4) membrane attack complex |
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What causes the protein fragment of the complement system C5a?
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Causes degranulation of mast cells and basophils which release histamine and other vasoactive mediators. Indirect effects on blood vessels, vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries.
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What is opsonization?
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Phagocytic cells can bind to foreign particles bound to antibodies, triggering phagocytosis and cell activation.
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What does "ELISA" stand for?
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Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay
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