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65 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Why is Artrerial blood collected?
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To determine the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and measure pH
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Arterial collection is more dangerous than _______ _______ to the patient.
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venous collection
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Who can perform an arterial collection?
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Arterial blood collection requires in-depth training beyond routine phlebotomy skills. It is usually performed by physicians , nurses, medical technologists, or resppratory therapists (RT's)
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What are 13 factors that influence the blood composition?
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1. age
2. altitude 3. body position 4. dehydration 5. diet 6. diurnal variation 7. drugs 8. environment 9. exercise 10. gender 11. pregnancy 12. smoking 13. stress |
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What is diurnal variation?
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refers to the normal daily fluctuations in body chemistry related to hormonal cycles, sleep-wake cycles, and other regular patterns of change
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What is glucose tolerance test (GTT), aka oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
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it tests for both diabetes mellitus and other disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
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What is hyperglycemia?
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abnormally elevated blood sugar most commonly caused by diabetes;
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What is hypoglycemia?
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lowered blood sugar, may be due to one of several endocrine disorders or other metabolic disruptions
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Hyperglycemia is detected with a ____ hr GTT
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3 hour
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Hypoglycemia is detected with a ____ hr GTT
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5 hour
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For a GTT, patients will be instructed by their physicians regarding pretest preparation, which includes eating ______ meals for ___ days and then fasting for ___ hours immediately before the test.
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high-carbohydrates
7 12 |
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Testing begins between what times?
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7am - 9am
with the collection of a fasting blood specimen and sometimes a urine specimen; the patient then drinks a standardized amount of glucose solution within 5 mins. Timing for the rest of the procedure begins after the drink is finished. |
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The epinephrine tolerance test determines what?
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determines the patients ability to mobilize glycogen from the liver
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What is the collection schedule for an oral clucose tolerance test for a 2 hour flucose tolerance test?
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fasting 30 mins, 1 hr, 2 hour, 3 hr
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How many draws for a 2 hour GTT?
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4
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How many draws for a 3 hour GTT?
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5 draws
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How many draws for a 5 hr GTT?
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7 draws
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How should samples be labeled for GTT?
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with the time from commencement (fasting, 30 mis, 1 hr and so forth
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What is anaerobic bacteria?
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bacteria that cannot tolerate oxygen
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What is aerobic bacteria?
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bacteria that uses oxygen
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For direct collection into culture media, 2 samples, one aerobic and one anaerobic, are collected from each site. When using a syringe, which do you collect first and why?
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collect the anaerobic sample first and the areobic sample second, since the second sample will more than likely be exposed to air
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How do you label the sample collection?
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you label them to reflect their order of collection
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How is Hemoglobin usually measured for a blood donor collection?
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usually measured with a drop of whole blood from a dermal puncture.
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Hemoglobin for a blood donor collection is placed in what and how can you tell if it is acceptable for donation?
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blood is place in copper based sulfate sollution of known density blood that sinks by weighted with enough hemoglobin is acceptable for donated
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What is therapuetic phlebotomy?
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is the removal of blood froma patients system as part of the treatment for a disorder
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What are 2 prinicipal disorders treated by therapuetic phlebotomy?
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polycythemia
hemochromatosis |
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What is polycythemia?
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disease characterized by excessive production of red blood cells (RBG's)
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What is hemochromatosis?
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an excess of iron in the blood
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What is cold agglutinins?
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antibodies often formed in reponse to infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a couse of atypical pneumonia
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What is agglutination?
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process of sticking together
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How do you keep a specimen warm?
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it can be wrapped in an activated heel-warmer pack or placed int he incubator. Deliver the specimen as quickly as possible to the lab
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Warm collection and storage are required for two other types of samples. What are they?
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cryofibrinogen and cryglobulin
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What is cryofibrinogen?
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abnormal type of fibrinogen
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Wha tis cryglobulin?
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an abnormal serum protein
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Both cryofibrinogen and cryglobulin both ___ when cold and ____when warmed. These samples should be collected and handled in the same manner as a cold agglutinin sample.
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precipitate
redissolve |
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A number of tests require that the specimen be chilled immediately after collection. Chilling is used to prevent what?
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prevent chemical changes that would alter test results
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For chilled specimens, the samples should be placed in ____ and ___ mixture and immediatley sent to the lab
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an ice and water mixture
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Collection for alcohol testing is most commin in?
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emergency departments
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Collection for alcohol requires special handling to prevent what?
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to prevent alteration of the test results
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Important features of alchol tesiting include what?
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the site must be cleaned with non alcoholic antiseptic solutions because the alcohol can alter the tests
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Why should the collection for alcohol not be uncapped?
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specimen should not be uncapped because that allows alcohol to escape and compromises the integrity of the sample before testing; tubes must be completely filled
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Why are blood smears made?
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to allow microscopic eamination of the blood cells
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What is the blood smear used for?
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determining the proportion of the various blood cells types call a differential count; counting reticulocytes and performing special staining procedures
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How is Malaria diagnosed?
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with a blood smear
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Malaria is drawn as a stat collection just before what?
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before the onset of fever or chills
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A first morning specimen, also called an 8-hour specimen, is collected when?
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collected immediately after the patient awakens
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What is a first norning specimen?
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concentrated specimen that ensures the detection of chemicals or pathogens that may not be found in a more dilutem random samples
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What is the most common procedure for collecting many types of urine specimens
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midstream clean catch
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When is a midsteam clean catch collected?
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after the patient has passed several millimeters of urine
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Why is it important to do a midstream clean catch?
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this allows microorganisms from the urethra to be flushed out and not collected in the sample
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What are some test a midstream clean catch can be used for
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urine culture
chemical and microscopic analysis |
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Pediatric specimens for routine urinalysis can be collected using what
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a soft clear plastic bag with an adhesive that fits over the genital area of the child. this is not a sterile collection
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What is a suprapubic aspiration?
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where a needle is inserted through the abdominal wall into the bladder for collection of a sample
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Who collects the suprapubic aspiration?
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physician
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What is a suprapubic aspiration used fo?
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used for bacterial culture of anaerobes (bacteria that do not grow in the presence of oxygen) and for cytologic (cell) examination in cases of suspected bladder cancer. The phlebotomist may be involved in transport of the specimen to the lab
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Samples for drug testing are collected in a _____ _____ container, usually as a ______ _____ via a celan catch.
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chemically clean
random sample |
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Sweat electrolytes (SE) are what
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are the salts, including chloride, present in normal sweat
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Sweat electrolyte/chloride test is performed as a part of diagnosis for what
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cystic fibrosis
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A person with cystic fibrosis has elevated levels of what?
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elevated levels of chloride and sodium int he sweat
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in the ____ and _____ ____, where it does what
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brain and spinal cord;
provides nourishment and removes wastes from the central nervous system |
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CSF is collected by whom?
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physician
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How many tubes are collected in a CSF collection and and how are they labeled?
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3 tubes are collected, and numbered in the order in which they were drawn,
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where do the CSF collection tubes once filled go to?
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tube 1 goes to microbiology lab and tubes 2 and 3 go to the chemistry and henatology labs
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The CSF tubes that go to the hematology lab should be _____ until analysis.
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refrigerated, the other tubes should remain at room temp
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CSF specimens are always handled as what
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STAT
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