Phonological Rules

rule that cause a sound (or gesture) to become more like a neighboring sounds (or gesture) with respect to some phonetic property
Give term.

Alveolar stop assimilation
Palatalization
Vowel Haromy

(English) Alveolar stops assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant.

ex
"can ask" /kæn beIk/ => [kæm beIk]

"can ask" /kæn beɪk/ => [kæm beɪk]

This is an example of what rule?

refers to a special type of assimilation in which a consonant becomes like a neighboring palatal.

Commonly occur with alveolar, dental and velar stops or fricatives appear before a front vowe

"Did you" /dɪd ju/ => [dɪʤu]

occur with alveolar, dental and velar stops or fricatives appear before a front vowel.

[t] > [ʧ]
[d] > [ʤ]
[s] > [ʃ]
[k] > [ʧ]
[g] > [ʤ]

A relatively common long-distance assimilation

(Finnish) A back vowel becomes front when preceded by a front vowel in the same word.
For example, the suffix meaning "in" has the form [-ssa] but becomes [-ssæ] when it attaches to a word with a final front vowel, like [metsæ] ("forest") > [mtsæssæ]

A phonological rule that causes two close or adjacent sounds to ebcome less alike with respect to some property, by means of a change in one or both sounds.

Manner Dissimilation is a type of Dissimilation
(Greek)
A stop becomes a fricative when followed by another stop.

the form /etpa/ ("seven") can be pronounced in fast speech as [efta].

/ktisma/ ("building") can be pronounced as [xtizma] ([x] is a voiceless velar fricative).

A phonological rule that causes a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word.

(English)
Voiceless Stop Insertion
Between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless top with the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted.

"dance" /dæns/ --> [dænts]
"strength" /strɛŋɵ/ --> [strrɛkɵ]
"hamster' /hæ mstr/ --> [hæmpstr\

ŋ ʤ æ ʧ ʍ ʖ ɸ ʃ ɛ ɵ

an exmaple of an Insertion rule:

(English)
Voiceless Stop Insertion
Between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless top with the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted.

"dance" /dæns/ --> [dænts]
"strength" /strɛŋɵ/ --> [strrɛkɵ]
"hamster' /hæ mstr/ --> [hæmpstr\

ŋ ʤ æ ʧ ʍ ʖ ɸ ʃ ɛ ɵ

A phonological rule that eliminates a sound that was present at the phonemic level.
Applies more frequently to unstressed syllables

(English)
/h/-Deletion
/h/ may be deleted in unstressed syllables

"He handed her his hat"
/hi hændəd hr hIz hæt/ -->
[hi hændəd r Iz hæt

An example of the phonological rule of Deletion.

(English)
/h/ may be deleted in unstressed syllables

"He handed her his hat"
/hi hændəd hr hɪz hæt/ -->
[hi hændəd r ɪz hæt]

Phonological rule that changes the order of sounds--usually to make words easier to pronounce or understand.

(Leti)
CV Metathesis

When three consecutive consonant occur, the first consonant trades places with the preceding vowel.

/danat + kviali/ "millipede" -->
[dantakvialia]

/ukar + ppalu/ "index finger" -->
[ukrappalu]

also possible in sign languages.

Fortition

A phonological rule that makes sounds stronger.

(English)
Aspiration
Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable.

"tap" /tæp/ --> [tHæp]
Aspirated sounds are considered to be stronger than non-aspirated sound because the duration of voicelessness is much longer

A phonological rule, also called Lenition, that causes sounds to become weaker.

Lenition

(English)
Flapping
An alveolar oral stop is realized as a flap [ ɾ ] when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel.
"writer" /raɪtr/ --> [raɪɾr]
the change of the /t/ to the flap [ɾ] is due to voicing assimilation: the /t/ takes on the voicedness of the vowels surrounding it.

(English)
Insert a [ə] between two sibilants.

Ex. Plural marker.
Instead of pronouncing "foxes" as [faksz], we do [faksəz

sounds that have a high-pitched hissing quality.
ʧ s ʃ ʒ dʒ z

(English)
/-z/ takes on the voicing specification of the preceding sound.

"cats" /kætZ/ --> [kæts] (z becomes like t)

"dogs" /dɔgz/ --> [dɔgZ] (no change--already the same)

Restrictions on possible combinations of sounds in a language.

V "a"
VC "at"
VCC "ask"
VCCC "asked"
CV "no"
CVC "not"
CVCC "ramp"
CVCCC "ramps"
CCV "flew"
CCVC "flute"
CCVCC "flutes"
CCVCCC "crafts"
CCCV "spree"
CCCVC "spleen"
CCCVCC "strength"
CCCVCCC "strengths"

3 consonants may begin a word, provided the first, is /s/,
the second /p/, /t/, or /k/
and the third /l/ , /r/, /j/ , /w/

CV
V
It doesn't permit consonant clusters in any position.

CV
V
C
CVC
It has clusters only in the middle of words--there are no clusters initially or finally.

CV
CCV
CCVC
CVC
CVCC
Permits both initial and final clusters,m but it does not allow a single vowel to be a syllable by itself.

a process whereby sounds that already exist in a language are used to replace sounds that do not exist in the language when borrowing or trying to pronounce a foreign word.

For instance, for "this" [ðIs] is pronounced by French speakers as [zIs] because they don't have a [ð] in their phonemic inventory.

In phonology, the presences of the lass common sounds implies that the more common sound will also be used in the language.

For instance, the class of voiceless consonants is relatively more common than the class of voiced consonants. So if a language uses voiced stops, it will also make use of voiceless ones.

a pair of words differing in meaning, but are phonetically identical except for one sound in the same position in each word.

[lɛd] and [rɛd]

Similar to a minimal pair, but whereas the words in a minimal pair are identical apart from the contrast sounds, the words in a near -minimal pair are only ALMOST identical, apart from the contrastive sounds
"heard" [hrd] and "Bert" [Brt]. The [h] [b] make this near minimal--and we can't come up with a rule that only permits [h] or [d] at the beginning of the word and vice versa--ending in [t]