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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Physiology
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Physiology is the study of body function. (How the body works)
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What are the 5 themes of Physiology?
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1. Physical
2. Structure 3.Energy Use 4.Homeostasis 5. Integration |
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Explain the Physical Property of Physiology
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Physical-chemical basis of body function. Breaking down and knowing their properties.
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Explain the Structural theme of Physiology?
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Structure- is the function relationships. How the body works based on the way its organized.
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Explain the theme of Energy?
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All systems require energy. Our body is constantly metabolizing.
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Explain the principle of Homeostasis
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Homeostasis is maintaining relative conditions inside the body from the outside of the body. (Maintaining an internal environment with a fluctuating external environment.)
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Explain the Integration theme of Physiology?
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it means bringing or working together.
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What are the levels of organization? (from smallest to largest)
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1. Simple molecules (atoms, C, H)
2. Macromolecules (DNA) 3. Organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, rough ER) 4.Cells (Epithelial, Muscle) 5. Tissues (group of similar cells that work together 6. Organs (Composed of tissues) 7. Organ systems 8. Organism (An integrated living animal) |
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What are the Physiological Organ Systems?
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1. Integumentary
2. Musculoskeletal (Muscle & Skeletal) 3. Nervous 4.Endocrine 5. cardiovascular (circulatory) 6. Immune/ Lymphatic 7. Respiratory 8. Digestive 9. Urinary 10. Reproductive |
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The largest fluid compartment of the body is the _______.
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Intracellular fluid (ICF)
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The two fluid compartments that compromise the extracellular fluid are the _______ & the ________.
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Intracellular Fluid and the
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_______ is a polysaccharide that serves as the primary form of glucose storage in humans & other animals
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Glycogen
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Homeostasis is a _______ _______ process.
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Homeostasis is a STEADY STATE process.
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Who defined Homeostasis?
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Walter Cannon (1929) defined homeostasis.
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Who came up with the basic concept of Homeostasis?
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Claude Bernard (mid- 1880's), a French Physiologist came up with the basic concept of Homeostasis.
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During Homeostasis, to maintain constant level, the ______ must equal the ________.
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During Homeostasis, to maintain constant level, the INPUT must equal the OUTPUT.
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Your body is an...
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Your body is an OPEN SYSTEM.
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________ is required to maintain Homeostasis.
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Energy is required to maintain Homeostasis.
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Energy is required to maintain ________.
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Energy is required to maintain Homeostasis.
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Give an example of how Energy is used to maintain homeostasis.
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The Sodium-Potassium pump uses ATP to maintain [NA+] and [K+] of the Intracellular Fluid (ICF) and Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
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What are the 7 Essential Variables?
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1. Body Temperature
2. Arterial Blood Pressure 3. Arterial pH 4. Arterial Po2 5. Arterial Pco2 6. Blood (Glucose) 7. Plasma Osmolarity |
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What is the normal body temperature?
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37 degrees C
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What is the normal Arterial Blood Pressure?
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120/75mm Hg (mean=90mmHg)
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What is the normal Arterial pH?
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7.4
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What is the normal Arterial Po2?
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100mm Hg
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What is the normal Arterial Pco2?
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40mm Hg
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What is the normal Blood (Glucose) value?
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90 mg/dL
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What is the normal Plasma Osmolarity value
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290 mOsm
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In a hydrocarbon molecule, are the bonds between C and H atoms polar or non-polar covalent bonds?
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Non-polar
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In a water molecule, are the bonds between the O atom and the H atoms polar or non-polar covalent bonds?
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Polar
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The attractions between adjacent Na+ and Cl- ions in a salt crystal are called ______ bonds.
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The attractions between adjacent Na+ and Cl- ions in a salt crystal are called IONIC bonds.
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The attractions between H atoms and O atoms of adjacent water molecules in a solution are called ______ bonds.
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The attractions between H atoms and O atoms of adjacent water molecules in a solution are called HYDROGEN bonds.
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In aqueous solutions, a small fraction of the water molecules dissociate to form ____ and _____ ions.
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In aqueous solutions, a small fraction of the water molecules dissociate to form H+ and OH- ions.
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A(n) _____ is a compound that releases H+ into a solution (increases [H+]).
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A(n) ACID is a compound that releases H+ into a solution (increases [H+]).
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If the pH of a solution changes from pH 7 to pH 5, has the H+ concentration of that solution increased or decreased? By how much?
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If the pH of a solution changes from pH 7 to pH 5, has the H+ concentration of that solution INCREASED by 100 times.
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The normal pH of blood plasma is 7.4. This means that the plasma is either neutral, slightly acidic, or slightly alkaline?
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The normal pH of blood plasma is 7.4. This means that the plasma is SLIGHTLY ALKALINE.
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What is the structural formula for a hydroxyl group?
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O-H
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What is the structural formula for a Carboxyl group?
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C=O-H
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What is the structural formula for the functional group Amino?
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--N--H
| H |
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What is the structural formula for the Phosphate group?
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OH
| -O--P=O | OH |
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What is a Chemical Bond?
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Chemical Bonds are attractions between two adjacent bonds.
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What are Covalent Bonds?
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Covalent bonds are shared pair of electrons. It takes energy to break this type of bond. C-C
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What are Ionic Bonds?
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Ionic bonds are attractions between two OPPOSITE Ions.
Na+...Cl- |
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What are Hydrogen Bonds?
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Hydrogen bonds are (ionic) bonds between a molecule that have partial positive and partial negative charges.
-OH...OH |
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What are Hydrophobic Interactions?
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Hydrophobic Interactions are very weak interactions.
-CH..HC |
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How many bonds can Carbon (C) make?
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Carbon can make up to 4 bonds.
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What are the 4 major classes of biomolecules?
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1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids |
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What are the monomers and polymers of Carbohydrates?
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Carbohydrates:
Monomers = monosaccharides Polymers = polysaccharides |
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What are the monomers and polymers of Lipids?
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Lipids:
Monomers = Fatty Acids Polymers = Triglycerides, phospholipids |
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What are the monomers and polymers of Proteins?
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Proteins:
Monomers = Amino Acids Polymers = Polypeptides, proteins |
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What are the monomers and polymers of Nucleic Acids?
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Nucleic Acids:
Monomers = Nucleotides Polymers = DNA, RNA |
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What is the Physiological Medium for Water?
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The physiological medium for Water are the ICF and the ECF.
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What are the Primary Elements of Life?
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Carbon C
Hydrogen H Oxygen O Nitrogen N |
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What are the Secondary Elements of Life?
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Phosphorus P
Sulfur S |
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What are the Ionic (electrolytes) of Life?
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Sodium Na+
Potassium K+ Chlorine Cl- Calcium Ca2+ |
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What are the 4 main Elements of Life?
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1. Primary Elements
2. Secondary Elements 3. Ions (Electrolytes) 4. Trace Elemnts |
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What is cellular respiration ?
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the process of making ATP.
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What are the 5 steps of cellular respiration ?
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1. Glycolysis
2. Transition Step 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4.Electron Transport Chain 5. ATP Synthesis |
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What is the formula for Cellular Respiration?
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Glucose + 6 CO2 ----> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy >> heat
| v ATP |
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What is Glycolysis?
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Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid (pyruvate): glucose ----> 2 Pyruvate.
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Where does Glycolysis occur?
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occurs in the Cytosol.
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What is the main substrate for Glycolysis?
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Glucose is the main substrate.
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What is the ability of a substance to pass thru a membrane ?
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Permeability
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Define Permeability
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Permeability is the ability of a substance to pass thru a membrane.
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Permeability is determined by what two factors?
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Permeability is determined by
1) the phospholipid bilayer 2) transport proteins in the membrane |
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What are Membrane Transport Proteins?
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Membrane Transport Proteins are channels, carriers, and pumps.
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What is the function of Membrane Transport Proteins?
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Membrane Transport Proteins enable certain ions and polar molecules to pass through.
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Passive Transport does not require _____; substances move ______ the gradient.
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Passive Transport does not require ENERGY; substances move DOWN the gradient.
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What are the 4 types of passive transport?
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1. simple diffusion
2. osmosis 3. diffusion through channels 4. facilitated diffusion |
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Active Transport requires ________; substances move _______ the gradient.
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Active Transport requires energy; substances move DOWN the gradient.
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Name the types of active transport
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1. Primary Active Transport
2. Ssecondary Active Trasnport 3. Transport via vesicles (endo and exocytosis) |
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Which molecules are highly permeable (able to pass through) to the membrane?
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O2 & CO2
fatty acids, steroids H20 (variable:pores) |
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Which molecules are less permeable to the membrane?
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NA+, K+, Cl- (via channels)
Glucose, a.a.'s (via carriers) |
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Which molecules are impermeable to the membrane
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Proteins, (except via vessicles)
ATP DNA, RNA |
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What is Osmolarity?
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Osmolarity is the total concentration of ALL solutes (1 Osm = 1 M of solute particles.
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Define OSMOSIS
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Osmosis is the Passive movement of water across the concentration gradient, in response to a solute concentration gradient.
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What is required for Osmosis to occur across the membrane?
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the membrane has to be selectively permeable. meaning its permeable to water but impermeable to solutes
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What is the driving force for osmosis?
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The driving force for osmosis is the solute. Water follows solutes. It moves from dilute to a concentrated solution ("solutes suck")
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Diffusion through channels:
Ion channels provide ___-____ passageways for _____ |
Ion channels provide WATER-FILLED passageways for IONS.
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What are some characteristics of facilitated diffusion that distinguish it from simple diffusion?
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Facilitated diffusion is mediated by CARRIER PROTEINS.
-It has specificity -& it can be saturated. |
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Give an example of a transport protein that functions in facilitated diffusion
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A transport protein called Glucose (GLUT) Transporters move glucose &other related hexose sugars across the membrane.
-INSULIN promotes insertion of GLUT4 transporter in skeletal muscle & adipose tissue. --> ^ facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells. |
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How do ions normally diffuse across the membrane?
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Ions diffuse the membrane by using protein pumps that use energy from ATPase directly, during the primary active transport.
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What is Primary Active Transport?
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Primary Active Transport is the transportation of ions AGAINST their electrochemical concentration gradient by using protein pumps that use energy from ATPases.
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What is the most common primary active transport protein in the plasma membrane of most cells?
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The most common Primary Active Transport Protein in the plasma membrane is the Sodium-Potassium Pump. It transports Sodium IN and Potassium OUT.
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During Secondary Active Trasnport what is the contransport?
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The cotransport is the movement of both molecules in the same direction
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During Secondary Active Trasnport what is the countertransport?
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The countertransport during secondary active transport is the movement in opposite directions
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What is Secondary Active Transport?
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Secondary Active Transport transports molecules against their gradient using the potential energy stored in ionic gradients using the energy supplied indirectly by ATP.
-It involves coupled transport with an ion moving "downhill" |
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Give an example of Secondary Active Transport.
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Sodium (Na+) glucose transporter [SGLT] in the small intestine
contransport: SGLT countertransport - NA+/H+ exchanger in the kidneys. |
