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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four functions of respiration?
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1. pulmonary ventilation
2. diffusion of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood 3. transport of O2 and CO2 4. regulation of ventilation |
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How are the lungs expanded and contracted?
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1. diaphragm
2. rib movements |
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What happens during quiet inspiration?
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Contraction of the diaphragm pulls lungs downward
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What happens during quiet expiration?
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Diaphragm relaxes: elastic recoil of lungs
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What happens during forced expiration?
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Contraction of the abdominal muscles (which push up on the diaphragm)
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What happens when the rib cage is elevated?
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Ribs project forward: sternum moves forward: making anteroposterior width 20% greater
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What muscles raise the rib cage (inspiration)?
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External intercostals, SCM, anterior serratus, scalenes
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What muscles pull the rib cage down (expiration)?
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Abdominal rectus and internal intercostals
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What surrounds the lungs in the thoracic cavity?
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thin layer of plueral fluid for lubrication between the visceral and parietal pluera
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Pressure of fluid in the thin space between the lung pluera and teh chest wall pluera
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Pleural pressure
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What is the normal pluera pressure at the beginning of inspiratiom? During?
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-5 cm of H2O
-7.5 cm of H2O |
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Pressure inside the lung alveoli
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Alveolar pressure
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What causes inward flow of air into the alveoli during inspiration?
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Alveoli pressure must fall below atmospheric pressure
-1 cm of H2O |
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What is the alveolar pressure during expiration? How much air is expired?
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+1 cm of H2O
0.5 L |
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The difference between the alveolar pressure and the plueral pressure
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Transpulmonary pressure
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The elastic forces in the lungs that tend to callapse the lungs at each instant of repiration
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Recoil pressure
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The extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonsry pressure
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Lung compliance
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For every 1 cm of water increase in transpulmonary pressure, the luing volume will expand
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200 mL
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What are the elastic forces of the lungs?
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1. elastic foreces of lung tissue
2. elastic forces caused by surface tension of fluid that lines the inside of alveoli |
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What determines the elastic forces of the lung tissue?
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Elastin and collagen fibers (deflatted- contracted state)
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What causes the elastic forces caused by surface tension?
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Interface btween the alveolar fluid and the air in the alveoli
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Whatis the breakdown of the total lung elasticity?
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1/3 is tissue elastic forces (cause collapse)
2/3 fluid-air surface tension forces |
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The water surface of teh alveoli are trying to contract, attempting to forces air out of the alveoli (collapse), causing an elastic contractile force of the lung
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Surface tension elastic force
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What secretes surfactant?
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Type II alveolar epithelial cells
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What is surfactant made of?
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dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, surfactant apoproteins, calcium ions
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How phospholipids in surfactant reduce surface tension?
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Part of the ion dissolves, while the other part spreads over the surface
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When the air passages to an alveoli is blocked, the surface tension causes
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the alveoli to collapse, forcing air out, causing positive pressure in alveoli (=2xST/radius of alveolar)
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What causes respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies?
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Very small radius of alveoli and little/no surfactant
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What is the compliance of the lungs? What is the compliance of the combined thorax-lung system?
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200 mL/cm vs. 110 mL/cm
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What are the three fractions of the work of inspiration?
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1. compliance/elastic work 2. tissue resistance work 3. airway resistance work
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Work required to expand the lungs against the lung and chest elastic forces
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compliance work
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Work that is required to overcome the viscosity of the lung and chest wall
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tissue resistance work
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Work that is required to overcome airway resistance to movement of air into the lungs
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airway reistance work
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Amount of energy required for quiet ventilation? During exercise?
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3-5% vs inc 50 fold
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Air inspired or expired with each normal breathe (500 mL)
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Tidal volume
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Extra volume of air that can be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume when inspiration is with full force (3000mL)
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Inspiratory reserve volume
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Maximum extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of a normal tidal expiration (1100mL)
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Expiratoy reserve volume
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Volume of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration (1200mL)
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Residual volume
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Tidal vol + inspiratory reserve vol: breathe in air to maximum distension of the lungs (3500mL)
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Inspiratory capacity
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Expiratory reserve vol + residual vol: amount of air left in lungs after normal expiration (2300mL)
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Functional residual capacity
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Inspiratory reserve vol + tidal vol + expiratory reserve vol: max amount of air a person can expel from lungs after max filling and max expiring (4600 mL)
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Vital capacity
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Vital capacity + residual vol: max that lungs can be expanded (5800 mL)
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Total lung capacity
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Value that changes markedly in some pulmonary diseases
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Functional residual capacity
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(Initial concentration of Helium in spirometer/final concnetration of Helium in spirometer -1) x Initial volume of spirometer=
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Functional residual capacity
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Functional reserve capacity + Inspiratory capacity
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Total lung capacity
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Tidal volume x respiratory rate per min=
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minute respiratory volume (6L/min)
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Rate at which new air reaches the alveoli, the alveolar ducts, the alveolar sacs, and the respiratory bronchioles
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Alveolar ventilation
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Air that does not reach the area of gas exchnage, but stays in nose, phayrnx, trachea
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dead space air
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How do you measure the dead space air?
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By recording the nitrogen levels: dead space air is all O2 and alveolar air contains nitrogen
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Gray area x expired volume / total area of the graph=
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volume of dead space air (150 mL)
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What is the difference between anatomic dead space and physiologic dead space?
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Anatomic is areas that occur in everyone (nose, trachea, etc): Physiological is air that fills nonfunctional alveoli and anatomical dead space
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Freq of respiration/min x (Tidal volume-Physiological dead space vol)=
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Volume of alveolar ventilation
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What keeps the trachea open? Bronchi?
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Cartilege rings
Curved cartilege plates |
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What keeps the bronchioles from collapsing?
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Transpulmonary pressures
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What composes most of the walls of the trachea and bronchi (not covered by cartilege)? Respiratory bronchioloes?
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Smooth muscle
Respiratory epithelium |
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Where is there th emost resistance of airflow in the bronchial tree?
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Near larger bronchi bc so few of them and so many bronchioles
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During disease states, how are small bronchioles easily occluded?
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1. muscular contration of their walls 2. edema in their walls3. mucus collection in their lumens
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What causes dialation of the bronchial tree?
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Epi and NEpi releaed from the sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medullae (stim beta adrenergic rec)
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What causes constriction of the bronchial tree?
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Nerve fibers from the vagus that secrete Ach: parasym reflexes from gas/smoke/infection
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What causes constriction in the bronchial tree during an allergic rxn?
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Mast cells secrete histamine and slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis
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What secretes mucus that lines the respiratory pathway?
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goblet cells in epithelial lining and submucosal glands
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Where does the mucous lining and trapped particles go?
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Via cilia in the epithelial cells, with power stroke towards pharynx
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What causes the cough reflex?
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Irritation in the bronchi, larynx, carina, bronchioloes stimulates afferent nerve pulses (X)
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What happens during the cough reflex?
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1. 2.5L of air inspired 2. epiglottis and vocal cords close 3. expiratory muscles (abs) contract 4. pressure rises in lungs 5. epiglottis opens and air explodes out(collapse of bronchi and trachea) 6. foreign things expelled
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How does the sneez reflex differ?
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In nose, V, uvula depressed so air explodes through nose
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What three things does the nose do to air (air conditioning functions)?
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1. air warmed in concha 2. humidified 3. partially filtered
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How does the nose act as a filter?
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1. nose hairs 2. turbulent precipitation (hit chonchae, septum, wall) traps stuff in mucus
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Where do smaller (<6 micrometers) go?
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1. bronchioles bc of gravitational precipitation 2. diffuse against the alveolar walls and adhere to the fluid 3. stay in alveolar air and are expelled
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How is stuff caught in the alveolar walls removed?
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alveolar macrophages or lymphatics
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What does speech involve?
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1. respiratory system 2. control centers int he cerebral cortex 3. respiratory control centers of the brain 4. resonance structure of nose and mouth
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Phonation is achieved by
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the larynx (vocal cords on lateral wall)- move close together so passage of air causes vibrations
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Articulation is achieved by
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structures of the mouth (lips, tongue, soft palate)
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What determines pitch in phonation?
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stretch of vocal cords and mass of their edges and how close they are approximated
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What is the vocal ligament attched to anteriorly? Posteriorly?
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Thyroid cartilege
Vocal process of the arytenoid cartileges |
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What msucles loosens the vocal cords?
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Thyroarytenoid muscle
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What are the resonators?
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Mouth, nose, nasal sinuses, pharnyx, chest cavity
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