Physio Psyche

primary sensory cortex
secondary sensory cortex
association cortex

It collects and gathers information to send to the secondary sensory cortex.

-- It takes the information and makes it into something meaningful; object, sound, word, etc
-- It sends info to association cortex

-- It provides a label to the information; cat, turtle, glasses, parachute

-- Receptors
-- thalamic relay nuclie
-- primary sensory cortex
-- secondary sensory cortex
-- association cortex

The ability to detect information at the receptor level.

Putting meaning to sensory information information.

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It is analysis of complex waveforms into its sine wave components. This theory says that the ear sends each component of waves into the cortex.

Source → pinna → ear canal → tympanic membrane → malleus → incus → stapes → oval window→ the canal of scala typani → pushes on basilar membrane → hair cells → tectorial membrane

It gets tranduced in the ear by the banging of the stereocilia against the tectorial membrane. K channels open and trigger the influx of Ca+ which causes the binding of vesicles to terminal Transduction is the action process of taking one type of signal and taking into another.

Transduction is the action process of taking one type of signal and taking into another.

The actual auditory mechanism transmits the actual sound frequencies to the auditory cortex.

-- The neuron fires at the same rate as the vibration of the sound.
-- Problem: we can ear 20000 Hz, but neurons cant fire that fast.

-- Not just one neuron firing, but there are a group of neurons firing. One neuron monitors the firing of several different neurons as they fire and the pattern that is made gives us the sound; summation effect.
-- Problem; only goes to 5000Hz

-- Difference sound waves stimulate different parts of the basilar membrane. Its which neuron is firing that tells us what frequency it is.
-- Problem: Basilar membrane goes to 200Hz. We can hear sounds more than 200Hz

When firing up to 200Hz, we use frequency theory, but when you go above that we are using place theory.

-- Inner ear – 3400 single row. responsible for the bulk of detection and transduction.
-- Outer ear – 12,000. 3 rows. magnifying sound by elongating and shrinking.

-- Elongation = stiffening of tactorial membrane = more responsive

-- Shrinking = loosening of tactorial membrane = less responsive

the canal of scala typani → pushes on basilar membrane → hair cells → tectorial membrane → brain stem → inferior colliculi → medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus → superior auditory cortex of each temporal lobe → secondary cortex to give meaning.

The more anterior is the lower tones, and more posterior are higher tones.

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Language impairment caused by damage to the brain.

Posterior portion of the left frontal lobe.
language production, language processing, and language comprehension, as well as controlling facial neurons

Also called expressive aphasia. Person hears and comprehends perfectly, but cannot express themselves. Their speech is non-fluent.
-- anomic (cant find right word),
-- inarticulate (cant pronounce words right)
-- agrammatical (missing articles).

It is posterior of the left frontal lobe
Language comprehension and semantic processing.

Cannot speak language properly because no information is conveyed. They speak in word salad. Sentences contain nouns, adjectives, and properties of a sentence but it is not coherent.

A model of connection between the BA and WA.

Auditory signal is received in the auditory primary cortex →
wernicke's area (context and meaning; what you said and what I want to say back)→
arcuate fasciculus →
broca's area (syntax is added) →
primary motor cortex (tongue, larynx, mouth to move to reply

Primary visula cortex → angular gyrus (translates visual form into auditory code) → wernicke's area → brocas area → arcuate fasciculus → motor cortex

Language, defined as what you are reading at the moment, as in being able to read, comprehend and properly use the properties of language in a detailed manner, is not something shared by any species yet. Language, defined as the ability to communicate in one form or another, sign language, symbol recognition, and so on, then yes. Chimps have the ability to learn and communicate words like “water bird” “banana me eat banana” or “sorry”.

Cornea → Pupil → Lens → Retina → Photoreceptors (cones and rods) →

Rods = more sensitive to light, functions best at night
Cones = not as sensitive to light, functions best in day.

Pigments: Rhodopsin, Iodopsin.
They are round found in the Rods and Cones. They are the chemicals that are sensitive to light.

There is a difference because of the functions. One is more sensitive than the other for functional purposes.

Allows to see color. Most are located in Fovea. It breaks down Iodpsin. There are three different types; sensitive to different light frequency. We see best with the center of our vision.

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They only register shades of gray. Everywhere except fovea. Allow us to see at night without much light, but we cant see color at night. We see best with periphery of vision.

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The optic nerve is a convergence of ganglion cells. It goes to the brain after crossing the optic chiasm.

Left eye: Temporal stays on their own side while nasal crosses.
They go to the optic chiasm → lateral geniculate nucleus.
Some axons go to the superior colliculi (it helps move eyes toward a target).
Axons also go to the suprachiasmic nucleus (involved in circadian rhythms).
Some axons go to pretectum (pupilary contraction/dialation)
From lateral geniculate nuclue → primary visual cortex

HUH?

HUH?

3 types of receptors
3 colors RGB
Cant be broken down any more.

Receptors respond to pairs of colors.

Both

I DONT KNOW WHAT IT IS

It is important because it disproves the Trichromatic theory as the only way to explain color vision.

Each location deals with visual processing and is responsible for different.

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