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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
three structures of a neuron
|
axon
dendrite cell body |
|
what is the main function of neurons that allows them to communicate with other cells?
|
excitability
|
|
integrative region of the neuron?
|
cell body
|
|
receives signals from other cells and sends them towards the axon?
|
dendrite
|
|
three structures of a neuron
|
axon
dendrite cell body |
|
generates the action potential?
|
axon hillock
|
|
three structures of a neuron
|
axon
dendrite cell body |
|
three structures of a neuron
|
axon
dendrite cell body |
|
three structures of a neuron
|
axon
dendrite cell body |
|
what is the main function of neurons that allows them to communicate with other cells?
|
excitability
|
|
what is the main function of neurons that allows them to communicate with other cells?
|
excitability
|
|
the main nutritional and metabolic region of the neuron?
|
cell body
|
|
what is the main function of neurons that allows them to communicate with other cells?
|
excitability
|
|
what is the main function of neurons that allows them to communicate with other cells?
|
excitability
|
|
integrative region of the neuron?
|
cell body
|
|
integrative region of the neuron?
|
cell body
|
|
the transmitting or conductive region of the neuron?
|
axon
|
|
integrative region of the neuron?
|
cell body
|
|
integrative region of the neuron?
|
cell body
|
|
receives signals from other cells and sends them towards the axon?
|
dendrite
|
|
receives signals from other cells and sends them towards the axon?
|
dendrite
|
|
what are the junction between neurons called?
|
synapses
|
|
receives signals from other cells and sends them towards the axon?
|
dendrite
|
|
receives signals from other cells and sends them towards the axon?
|
dendrite
|
|
generates the action potential?
|
axon hillock
|
|
the insulating material that some axons are covered with?
|
myelin
|
|
generates the action potential?
|
axon hillock
|
|
generates the action potential?
|
axon hillock
|
|
generates the action potential?
|
axon hillock
|
|
the main nutritional and metabolic region of the neuron?
|
cell body
|
|
the main nutritional and metabolic region of the neuron?
|
cell body
|
|
the main nutritional and metabolic region of the neuron?
|
cell body
|
|
support cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce myelin?
|
shwann cells
|
|
the main nutritional and metabolic region of the neuron?
|
cell body
|
|
the transmitting or conductive region of the neuron?
|
axon
|
|
the transmitting or conductive region of the neuron?
|
axon
|
|
the transmitting or conductive region of the neuron?
|
axon
|
|
the transmitting or conductive region of the neuron?
|
axon
|
|
what are the junction between neurons called?
|
synapses
|
|
what are the junction between neurons called?
|
synapses
|
|
what are the junction between neurons called?
|
synapses
|
|
the insulating material that some axons are covered with?
|
myelin
|
|
what are the junction between neurons called?
|
synapses
|
|
the insulating material that some axons are covered with?
|
myelin
|
|
support cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce myelin?
|
shwann cells
|
|
the insulating material that some axons are covered with?
|
myelin
|
|
the insulating material that some axons are covered with?
|
myelin
|
|
support cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce myelin?
|
shwann cells
|
|
support cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce myelin?
|
shwann cells
|
|
support cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce myelin?
|
shwann cells
|
|
the process of the formation of the myelin sheath is referred to as?
|
myelination
|
|
what are the gaps between regions of myelination called?
why are they important? |
nodes of nanvier
skipping of action potential/shortcut |
|
t/f
the action potential arriving at the ends of the axon looks different from that formed at the beginning of the axon. |
false
|
|
t/f
thick myelinated fibers would be expected to mediate (come in the middle of or control) slow, visceral responses |
false
|
|
t/f
refractory periods place an upper limit (maximum) on the number of action potentials per second (frequency) formed by a neruon. |
true
|
|
t/f
the frequency of action potentials in postsynaptic cell is directly related to the degree of postsynaptic depolarization of the cell. |
true
|
|
t/f
the action potential elicited by a mega-threshold stimulus is larger than one elicited by a threshold stimulus. |
false
|
|
t/f
the absolute refractory period of an excitable membrane referes to the perios of time during which no stimulus, however strong, will elicit a second action potential in the membrane. |
true
|
|
in what part of the neuron is the action potential generated?
|
axon hillock
|
|
what happens if the stimulus is too weak to achieve threshold?
|
no action potential
|
|
do action potentials always have the same am;itude and duration, or do they vary according to the strength of the signal?
|
always the same for a given neuron
|
|
when the Na+ voltage-gated channel opens, why does the membrane potential go from -70mV to a less negative value?
|
sodium moves into the cell
|
|
when the K+ voltage-gated channel opens, why does the membrane potential go from +30mV to a more negative values?
|
potassium is leaving the cell
|
|
where on the neuron are voltage-gated ion channels located?
|
axon hillock & nodes of ranvier
|
|
what causes chemically-gated ion channels to open in neurons
|
neurotransmitters
|
|
what are the gaps between regions of myelination called?
|
nodes of ranvier
|
|
during the resting membrane potential, what is the status of the voltage-gated sodium channels?
|
closed but able to open
|
|
which direction does the sodium-potassium pump move K+ ion?
|
into the cell
|
|
why doesn't the action potential cause an action potential to propagate behind it?
|
the refractory period makes it less senstiive to action potential
|
|
after the action potential arrives at the presynaptic membrane, what does the voltage-gated calcium channel in this membrane do?
|
triggers exocytosis to release NT
|
|
the minumum amount of stimulus required to depolarize an exitable membrane and generate an action potential is known as the?
|
threshold
|
|
14. The period of time during which an excitable membrane can respond again, but only if the stimulus is greater than the initial stimulus is the?
|
relative refratory period
|
|
At a(n) ____________ synapse, a neurotransmitter is released to stimulate the effector membrane.
|
chemical
|
|
In a(n) ____________ synapse, there is a direct connection between cells.
|
electrical
|
|
The addition of stimuli arriving in rapid succession to produce an action potential is called?
|
temporal summation
|
|
The addition of several stimuli arriving at different locations on the same cell to produce an action potential is called?
|
spatial summation
|
|
When the neuronal membrane is at rest, are the voltage-gated channels?
|
are closed
|
|
passive (leak) channels?
|
responsible for the resting membrane potential
|
|
chemically-gated channels?
|
responsible for postsynaptic potentials
|
|
voltage-gated channels?
|
responsible for the generation of action potentials
|
|
As potassium diffuses out of the cell, the outside becomes more ___________, and the inside becomes more ___________.
|
postive, negative
|
|
What is the force that is responsible for the movement of positive potassium ions back into the cell, where it is more negative?
|
electrochemical gradient
|
|
t/f
GABA and glycine are excitatory CNS neurotransmitters. |
false
|
|
t/f
Inhibitory neurotransmitters hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membranes of their target cells. |
true
|
|
Most neuron responses are determined by the algebraic balance between both incoming EPSPs and IPSPs.
|
true
|
|
During the action potential, when does sodium permeability increase rapidly?
|
the rising phase of the action potential (depolarization)
|
|
During the action potential, when does sodium permeability decrease rapidly?
|
repolarization
|
|
During the action potential, when is potassium permeability the greatest?
|
repolarization
|
|
During the action potential, when does potassium permeability decrease slowly?
|
hyperpolarization
|
|
1. CNS neurotransmitters include the catecholamines ____________________, __________________ and __________________. Two known inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS are _____________________ and __________________. They cause the postsynaptic membrane to generate IPSPs by opening chemically regulated gates to _____________________ or ________________________ ions.
|
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
GABA, Glycine K+ Cl- |
|
2. Neuron inhibition can be pre- or postsynaptic, preventing the formation of __________________, whereas EPSPs are excitatory and are often summated thus facilitating the formation of nerve impulses.
|
action potentials
|
|
By the process of ____________________ chemical synapses release vesicles containing _____________________ molecules, which open ___________________ regulated gates. The resulting depolarizations are _____________________, meaning they can be added or ____________________.
|
exocytosis
NT Ligand graded summated |
|
The all-or-none __________________ potentials are separated from the next by a period of time called ________________________. This time period is ______________________. Stronger stimuli increase the ______________ of action potentials.
|
action
refractory period absolute frequency |
|
________________ summation occurs when input signals arrive from the same presynaptic cell at different times. ________________ summation occurs when multiple inputs occurred at different locations on the cell but at the same time.
|
temporal
spatial |
|
The cerebral cortex is made up of ___________ matter while the cerebral medulla is made of ___________ matter. From these color distinctions, we can deduce that the cortex is full of cell ___________ and ___________ whereas the medulla is composed mainly of ____________.
|
gray
white bodies, dendrites myelintated fibers |
|
7. Language is a complex concept for the brain to process. Seeing words is processed by the ________________ while hearing them is processed by the ________________. Speaking involves two areas, known as ____________________ and _________________. ________________ is the area in which words originate. ___________________ is a motor area which controls the muscles involved in speaking.
|
occipital lobe
temporal lobe wernikies brocas wernikies brocas |
|
8. Long term potientiation is a process which utilizes two receptors known as __________ receptors and ____________ receptors. These receptors bind to the neurotransmitter _______________. The __________ receptor works by keeping sodium channels open longer while the __________ receptor keeps more calcium moving in. By this mechanism, the feedback from the ________________ cell keeps the _________________ cell firing strongly and each action potential will cause a __________ depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
|
AMPA
NMDA glutamate AMPA NMDA post synaptic presynaptic new |
|
t/f
The fingers and face have large numbers of sensory receptors and muscles for innervations, and thus have correspondingly large representations on the sensory and motor cortex. |
true
|
|
t/f
Long-term memory may involve relatively permanent changes in the neurons involved, such as synthesis of new proteins. |
true
|
|
occur in persons experiencing stress and in certain brain disorders
|
theta
|
|
lowest frequency brain waves, normally occurring when adult is in deep sleep; presence in awake adult indicates brain damage.
|
delta
|
|
highest frequency waves, noted during periods of mental activity
|
beta
|
|
present when awake but resting, these waves are intermediate in frequency between beta and delta waves.
|
alpha
|
|
in the occipital lobe
|
primary visual cortex
|
|
in the postcentral gyrus
|
primary somatosensory cortex
|
|
receives sensations of pain, touch, pressure, and remperature
|
primary somatosensory cortex
|
|
in the parietal lobe
|
primary somatosensory cortex
|
|
in the temporal lobe; permits hearing
|
primary auditory cortex
|
|
in the precentral gyrus
|
primary motor cortex
|
|
t/f
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and has a cortex and medulla. |
true
|
|
t/f
The frontal lobe receives and evaluates sensory information. |
false
|
|
t/f
The cerebral medulla consists of mostly gray matter. |
false
|
|
t/f
Beta waves are seen when a person is intensely concentrating. |
true
|
|
t/f
Visual information is processed in the temporal lobe. |
false
|
|
t/f
The limbic system is responsible for many instinctual behaviors, such as rage, fear, feeding and sexual behaviors |
true
|
|
The skeletal muscles of the body are represented in the primary motor cortex proportionately to their size
|
false
|
|
t/f
The brain stem is made up of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. |
true
|
|
t/f
The precentral gyrus is also called the primary sensory cortex. |
false
|
|
t/f
The only sensation that is not relayed through the thalamus en route to the cerebrum is the sense of taste. |
false
|
|
t/f
The superior colliculi are involved in visual reflexes, while the inferior colliculi are involved in auditory reflexes. |
true
|
|
t/f
The cerebellum receives sensory information from proprioceptors and, through relays with other nuclei, coordinates muscle movements. |
true
|
|
t/f
The pyramids of the medulla are characterized by crossing-over or decussation of nerve fiber tracts to the contralateral sides of the medulla. |
true
|
|
This is a relay center for sensory information going to the sensory cortex.
|
thalamus
|
|
The pineal gland is found here.
|
epithalamus
|
|
This area regulates the pituitary gland, and controls thirst, appetite and body temperature.
|
hypothalamus
|
|
This gland secretes a substance that induces sleep.
|
pineal gland
|
|
Contains autonomic centers that control breathing and heart functions.
|
medulla oblongata
|
|
Between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata.
|
pons
|
|
Responsible for fine motor control, posture and position.
|
cerebellum
|
|
t/f
A high-amplitude, spike-wave EEG pattern is characteristic of someone in a coma. |
false
|
|
Crossing (or______________) of fibers occurs in the medulla. This explains why movements of your right hand are initiated by motor neurons that originate in the (right? Left?) side of your cerebrum.
|
decacation
|
|
A hard blow to the base of the skull can be fatal because the medulla is the site of two vital centers: the ____________ center, regulating the heart beat and blood pressure, and the __________________ center, adjusting the rhythm of breathing.
|
basal motor
respiratory |
|
The process of ______________ is controlled by the pons along with centers in the medulla.
|
breathing
|
|
Pineal gland secretes a hormone called __________. The function of this hormone is _____________
|
melatonin
sleep |
|
__________________ is the principal regulator of visceral activities because it acts as a liaison between the cerebral cortex and autonomic nerves that control viscera.
|
spinal cord
|
|
t/f
The spinothalamic and corticospinal tracts are both descending tracts in the spinal cord. |
false
|
|
t/f
All descending motor tracts from the brain eventually cross over and, thus, innervate muscles on the contralateral side of the body. |
false
|
|
The two major groups of descending tracts from the brain are the corticospinal (pyramidal) and extrapyramidal tracts.
|
true
|
|
When a person steps on a tack with the left foot, flexor muscles on the right leg and extensor muscles on the left leg will be stimulated to contract.
|
true
|
|
motor control, motivation, aggression, and mood
|
frontaol lobe
|
|
reception and evaluation of sensory information
|
parietal lobe
|
|
vision and coordination of eye movements
|
occipital lobe
|
|
olfactory and auditory input
|
temporal lobe
|
|
basic emotional drives are centered here
|
limbic system
|
|
this area is involved in long-term memory
|
hippocampus
|
|
portion of the brain involved in coordination and balance
|
cerebellum
|
|
relay center through which most sensory information passes
|
thalamus
|
|
can’t initiate movements but can modify them or make them smooth
|
basal ganglia
|
|
largest part of the brain
|
cerebrum
|
|
A motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates is called a __________.
|
motor unit
|
|
The junction between a motor neuron's axon and the muscle cell membrane is called _________________________________.
|
neuromuscular junction
|
|
The actual gap between an axonal ending and the muscle cell is called a ____________.
|
synaptic cleft
|
|
t/f
Like most other cells in the body, skeletal muscles have a single, centrally located nucleus as a control center. |
false
|
|
A motor unit is one somatic motor neuron, together with all of the muscle fibers its axons branch out to excite.
|
true
|
|
All motor units to a given muscle (e.g. gastrocnemius) innervate the same number of muscle fibers.
|
false
|
|
Recruitment of larger motor units (with more fibers/unit) occurs when greater strength is needed.
|
true
|
|
Lifting a barbell is an example of isometric contraction.
|
true
(person cant lift it) |
|
t/f
The center of each A band is a thin, dark Z line. M LINE |
false
|
|
t/f
The basic or smallest unit of muscle contraction is the sarcomere. |
true
|
|
t/f
Shortening of the sarcomere is produced by shortening of the filaments of actin and myosin. |
false
|
|
t/f
Cross-bridges are part of the myosin protein molecule. |
true
|
|
t/f
Splitting of ATP is required before myosin cross-bridge attachment to actin, and a new ATP must be attached to release the cross-bridge. |
true
|
|
t/f
Calcium ion bonds directly to tropomyosin molecules. |
false
|
|
t/f
Transverse tubules are formed from and continuous with the cell membranes, and they are capable of conducting action potentials. |
true
|
|
t/f
Action potentials in the transverse tubules can cause the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
true
|
|
t/f
Release of calcium ion from terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is an active process, requiring hydrolysis of ATP. |
false
|
|
t/f
The T-tubules are in intimate contact with the lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, connected by structures known as ryanodine and DHP receptors. |
true
|
|
t/f
Dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor is found on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
false
|
|
t/f
Ryanodine receptor also serves as a calcium channel and is part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
true
|
|
t/f
The binding of ATP to myosin causes an allosteric change in myosin's actin-binding site such that the affinity of myosin for actin is decreased. |
true
|
|
t/f
The term "twitch" refers to the mechanical response of a muscle fiber during one cross-bridge cycle. |
true
|
|
t/f
Small diameter is typical of type I skeletal-muscle fibers. |
true
|
|
t/f
Characteristics of oxidative fibers include numerous mitochondria, abundant myoglobin and large stores of glycogen |
false
|
|
t/f
The difference in color between white muscle and red muscle is accounted for by the greater abundance of glycogen in white muscle. |
true
|
|
During skeletal-muscle contraction, the I band and H zone shorten but the A band stays the same.
|
true
|
|
A skeletal muscle generates its greatest tension when it is stretched to twice its resting length.
|
false
|
|
Muscles used for delicate, finely controlled movements have smaller motor units than more coarsely controlled muscles.
|
true
|
|
The phenomenon of rigor mortis demonstrates that myosin can bind to actin in the absence of ATP, but the bond cannot then be broken.
|
true
|
|
A structure that extends from one Z disc to another is called ____________
|
sarcomere
|
|
Dark band in the sarcomere; contains thick and thin filaments: _____ band.
|
A
|
|
________ line is found in the center of the H zone.
|
M
|
|
Each _______________ filament is composed of hundreds of myosin molecules.
|
thick
|
|
Thin filaments are composed mostly of _______________ molecules. Thin filaments also contain two other proteins. The protein that covers myosin-binding sites in relaxed muscle is called ________________. Which protein holds tropomyosin in place?______________.
|
actin
tropomyosin troponin |
|
In order to produce muscle shortening, the heads of _____________ filaments pull on molecules of thin filaments moving them toward the _______ line.
|
myosin
m |
|
To initiate a muscle contraction, calcium ions are released from storage areas within the ____________________________.
|
sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
The role of calcium is to bind to a protein in the thin filament called _______.
|
troponin
|
|
Release of phosphate group from the myosin head causes “___________ stroke”.
|
power
|
|
A new ATP is needed to detach myosin from _______________.
|
actin
|
|
If there is a shortage of oxygen, such as during strenuous exercise, muscle fibers convert pyruvic acid to ___________ acid to derive ATP which causes muscle ________.
|
lactic
cramp |
|
Fibers containing myosin with high ATPase activity are called ______________ fibers which are also called as type __ fibers.
|
fast
II |
|
The process of increasing the number of motor units that are active in a muscle at any given time is called _____________________.
|
recruitment
|
|
t/f
Creatine phosphokinase (CK) found in both heart and skeletal muscle that is used for clinical diagnosis of muscle damage. |
true
|
|
t/f
Myoglobin is a red pigment vital for the delivery of oxygen to the fast-twitch (type-II) muscle fibers. |
false
|
|
t/f
Muscle fatigue usually starts with lactic acid lowering the pH, which reduces ATP synthesis – causing Ca2+ loss from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and fatigue. |
false
|
|
_________________ is a continuous contraction that shows no evidence of relaxation.
|
tetanus
|
|
An _________________ is a contraction in which the muscle shortens and work is done.
|
isotonic contraction
|
|
When a muscle is being stimulated but is not able to respond due to "oxygen debt", the condition is called ___________________.
|
fatigue
|
|
An _________________ is a contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but tension in the muscle keeps increasing.
|
isometric contraction
|
|
curare
|
blocks nicotinic receptors
|
|
myasthenia gravis
|
destruction of nicotinic receptors
|
|
calmodulin
|
smooth muscle calcuim binds to
|
|
oxidative fibers
|
red fibers
|
|
glycolytic fibers
|
white fibers
|
|
t/f
Smooth muscle is commonly found circularly and/or longitudinally arranged around tubes, vessels, and hollow organs. |
true
|
|
t/f
Myosin light chain kinase, an enzyme in smooth muscle, helps to catalyze the formation of cross-bridges during contraction. |
true
|
|
t/f
Multi-unit smooth muscle has little or no gap junctions between adjacent cells. |
true
|
|
t/f
In smooth-muscle cells that can produce action potentials, cell membrane depolarization opens voltage-sensitive sodium Ca 2+ channels. |
false
|
|
t/f
Smooth-muscle cells may contract in the absence of nervous stimulation. |
true
|
|
t/f
A smooth muscle contractile response proceeds more slowly and is more economical than a skeletal muscle twitch. |
true
|
|
t/f
Smooth muscle is able to develop tension even when considerably stretched and inherently relaxing when stretched. |
true
|
|
t/f
multiunit smooth muscle is myo genic. |
false
|
|
t/f
Single unit smooth muscle cells form functional syncytia. |
true
|
|
t/f
Tonic smooth muscle display busts of contractile activity. |
false
|
|
t/f
In smooth muscle, Ca2+ turns on the cross bridges by inducing a physical change in myosin in the thick filaments. |
false
|
|
what is the correct order of evetns involved in stimulation of muscle contraction and relaxation?
|
1 - somatic neuron action potentials release ACh molecules
2 - ACh binds to its sarcolemma receptors and produces new action potentials 3 - action potentials are conducted along transverse tubules 4 - action potentials in the t tubules promote Ca++ release 5 - released Ca++ binds to troponin, changing its structure 6 - cross bridges are exposed as troponin moves tropomyosin 7 - ATP activated myosin cross bridges attach to actin 8 - with ATP, cross bridges pull the thin over the thick filaments 9 - contraction cycles continue as long as Ca++ and fresh ATP are present in the sarcomere 10 - without action potentials Ca++ is pumped away from troponin and into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
the correct order of events at a neuromuscular junction
|
1 - an action potential in a motor neuron reaching axon terminal
2 - opening of voltage gated Ca++ channels 3 - Ca++ triggers the release of ACh 4 - ACh binds to its receptors on the motor end plate 5 - opening of chemically gated channel allowing more Na+ in and few K+ out 6 - end plate potential 7 - voltage gated Na+ channels open 8 - action potential 9 - removal of ACh by acetylcholinesterase |
