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Pleural Linkage |
Connection between inner & outer pleural membranes created by vacuum between surfaces |
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Cephalic vs. Caudal |
towards brain vs. towards tail |
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Striated muscle |
Subject to voluntary control
ex: Skeletal muscles |
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Smooth muscle |
Not subject to voluntary control: involuntary
ex: lining arteries |
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Cardiac muscle |
specialized muscle heart is made of |
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Tendons |
connects muscle to bone |
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Ligaments |
connect bone to bone
ex: joint |
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Cartilage |
structural tissue
Less hard and less dense than bone bu still serves as structural wall |
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Residual Volume |
amount of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation |
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Alveolor pressure |
air pressure coming from lungs that we speak on |
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Vital Capacity |
total amount of air that you can use for the exchange of CO2 and O2
-exhale maximally and then meausre amount can take in |
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Minor muscles in exhalation |
Internal intercostals
Subcostals
Transversus Thoracics
Quadratus Lumborum
Serratus Posterior Inferior |
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Muscles of Exhalation:
2 Groups |
1)Ribcage muscles: pull down on ribcage to decrease size/volume of thorax
2)Abdominal muscles:
a.)pull down on ribcage
b.)compress abdominal contents |
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Neck and Front Muscles of inhalation (Minor) |
Sternocleidomastoid
Scaleni group
Subclavius
Pectoralis Minor
Serratur Anterior |
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Minor back muslces of inhalation |
Levatores Costarum
Latissimus Dorsi
Serratus Posterior Superior
-General Functon=expand size of thorax |
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Muscles of inhalation:
2 Most Important |
1)Diaphram
2)External intercostals |
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Inner Pleural Membrane
Outer Pleural Membrane |
2 Lunges seperately encased in 2 Inner Pleural Membranes
-Outer Pleural Membrane attached to the inside borders of the thorax |
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Planes:
1)Frontal
2)Sagital: midsagital ¶sagital
3)Transverse |
1)front to back
2)down middle-L to R
parallel to midsagital cut
3)like cutting a tree |
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Striated Muscle:
1)Origin
2)Insertion
3)Course |
1)stable place where muscle is attached
2)place where it moves readily
where muscle attaches to the bone that's moveable
3)where movement of muscles runs |
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3 Dimensions chest expands along |
1)Vertically
2)Lateral
3)Anterior-Posterior |
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Bronchial Tree
Terminal Bronchioles |
repeated splitting of the bronchi: fine details of lungs
-last division |
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How does Boyle's Law explain respiration? |
Holds that volume and pressure are inversely proportional to one another: When volume in lungs go up, pressure goes down--causes exhalation and vice versa |
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2 main jobs of muscles of exhalation |
1)pull down on ribcage
2)compress viscera
Thus allowing diaphram to move back up |
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Muscles of Exhalation |
1)Ribcage muscles
-pull down on ribcage to contract size/volume of thorax
2)Abdominal muscles
a)pull down on ribcage
b)compress abdominal contents
--By pulling down on ribcage & compressing abdominal contents diaphram moves back upwards |
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Tidal Volume |
15% change in breathing (VC)
volume of air we use during quiet breathing |
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Resting level |
Minimal amount of movment/activing
-b/c not taxing it is very efficient
ex: sitting in class |
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Forced Respiration |
must recruit more muscles for inhalation and exhalation to go beyond tial volume
ex: jogging |
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Inspiratory reserve volume |
breathe above Tidal volume |
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Expiratory Reserve Volume |
volume of air which you could breathe down to below resting level |
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How do we generate air pressure for speech? |
1)Respiratory effort: using your muscles more
2)Change airway resistance (to increase alveolar pressure for speech) |
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2 levels of loudness (by changing pressure) |
1)overall loudness
2)syllabic changes |
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Speech breathing |
rapid inhale followed by prolonged exhale (while speaking) |
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Great paradox of speech breathing |
During exhalation you use the muscles of inhalation |
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Agonist muscles v Antagonist muscles |
Only apply to muscles around joint
1)doing the work-muscles around joint
2)opposing muscle
muscle on opp. side of joint |
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Trachea |
Bifricates into bronchus |
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Is inhalation active or passive? |
Active |
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Is exhalation active or passive? |
Active and passive |
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