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42 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What is the name of the enzyme that is elevated in the blood of persons with muscular dystrophy or who have experienced a recent myocardial infarction?
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"isoenzymes" : Creatine Kinase (Creatine Phosphokinase CPK)
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What is CPK, and what is its function?
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Creatine Phosphokinase
transfers phosphates between creatine and ATP |
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Where is CPK normally located, and what could an elevated blood level indicate?
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in the skeletal, cardiac, and brain cells
elevated CPK of skeletal muscle=muscular dystrophy, if CPK of cardiac muscles is elevated it could mean a MYoCARDIAL iNFArCTIOn. overall it means a rupture in the cells |
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Which metabolic pathway, starting with which molecule, produces lactic acid?
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anaerobic: lactic acid fermentation. (and glycolysis)
glucose. |
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If Rachel used a much lighter resistance (weight) and could continue this exercise for a few more minutes without muscle fatigue, which metabolic pathway and which energy molecules would her muscle use to make ATP?
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aerobic respiration
fatty acids |
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Which type of muscle fiber did the leg-lift machine mostly exercise when Rachel felt the muscle fatigue?
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fast-twitch (type 2) fibers
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If Rachel performed this exercise with a lighter resistance (weight) that didn’t cause muscle fatigue, which muscle fiber type would be mostly involved in this exercise?
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slow twitch (type 1) fibers
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How would you expect this exercise (felt muscle fatigue, produced lactic acid) to affect Rachel’s endurance and the size of her quadriceps femoris muscles?
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Heavy resistance would cause muscle fatigue. Would not increase endurance, but would increase muscle hypertrophy
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If her muscles get larger from this exercise, how is this enlargement produced?
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hypertrophy
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If Rachel were to perform this exercise using a lighter resistance (less weight) for a longer time, how would this exercise affect her endurance and muscle size?
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increase her endurance, would not increase muscle size
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How were the astronauts able to reduce this effect of muscle atrophy while in space?
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exercise. specifically weight-bearing exercise. and adjustment to diet
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Good way to reduce muscle atrophy to people in a cast
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weight bearing, isometric exercise. stimulate osteoblasts
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What are the benefits of resistance training for the elderly?
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helps surviving muscles fibers to hyPERTROPHY
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What are the benefits of endurance training for the elderly?
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increases blood supply to fibers (helps aerobic respiration) and increase store of glycogen
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What is the name of the skeletal muscle stem cells, located outside the muscle fibers, that can proliferate (divide) after injury and undergo changes that allow them to fuse together to form new muscle fibers?
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Satellite cells
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What is the name of this paracrine regulator that is elevated in elderly and what does it inhibit?
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myostatin.
it inhibits satellite cell function |
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What is the medical name for an abnormal reduction in red blood cells (erythrocytes), hemoglobin, or both?
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anemia
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The production of what essential high energy three-phosphate compound would be subsequently reduced in the body as a result of anemia?
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ATP
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What category of anemia is most common?
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iron-deficiency anemia
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What are two mechanisms by which iron deficiency anemia may develop?
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blood loss and inadequate iron in diet
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What category of anemia is characterized by an inadequate intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 due to atrophy of the glandular mucosa of the stomach?
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Pernicious anemia
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What is the name of the condition caused by toxic destruction of the bone marrow that leads to a lack of ALL of the formed elements of the blood?
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aplastic anemai
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What are the causes of aplastic anemia cited in your text?
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destruction of bone marrow caused by chemicals (benzene or arsenic) OR radiation
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What is the scientific term for an elevated WBC count and what typically causes such an elevated count?
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leukocytosis
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What typically causes leukocytosis?
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infections
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What is the scientific term for an abnormally low WBC count and what can cause such an abnormally low count?
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leukopenia
caused by POOR nutrition or whole body radiation |
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What is the scientific name for an abnormally low number of circulating eosinophils and what can cause such an abnormally low count?
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eosinopenia
elevated # of glucocorticoids caused by STRESS or exogenous glucocorticoids |
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What disease condition is suggested by an abnormally large number of immature WBCs in a blood sample?
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leukemia
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What is the name of this potentially fatal fetal blood disorder?
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hemolytic disease (erythroblastosis fetalis)
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What can be administered during an Rh- mother’s first incompatible pregnancy to prevent HDN in next pregnancy?
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RhoGAM
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How do adrenergic effects adversely affect this process of baby crying and inducing oxytocin?
How can such adrenergic effects be avoided? |
can elicite a flight-or-fight response which suppresses the neuroendocrine reflex
nurse in a calm and quiet environment |
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What can be done artificially to promote the milk-ejection reflex?
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a synthetic nasal oxytocin spray
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each cell could form the entire embryo if it were implanted into a uterus
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totipotent cell
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name for the emerging field of medical treatment using stem cells.
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regenerative medicine
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What is the name of the process that would allow the nucleus of an adult cell to be reprogrammed to regain its totipotency?
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somatic cell- nuclear transfer
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What are the benefits of using a patient’s own skin cells during somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate such therapeutic pluripotent stem cells?
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so body will not reject it
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What scientific term best describes these ES cells? (embryonic stem cells)
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pluripotent
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What are the risks of using such pluripotent cells therapeutically?
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increase the risk of tumor growth
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What scientific term best describes these adult stem cells?
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multipotent
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What is the name of the most severe of the muscular disorders that affects 1 out of 3,500 boys each year?
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Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
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What is the name of this normally beneficial protein in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy?
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dystrophin
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How can physicians detect Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy before birth?
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amniocentesis
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