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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does active transport mean?
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"Active" means energy is being used.
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What are two types of active transport?
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Primary and secondary
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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Similar to active transport but energy is NOT required. Carrier molecule is used. High concentration to low concentration.
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What is osmosis?
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Diffusion of water?
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What is bulk transport? Is it favored? Provide two examples.
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Least favored method of movement. Requires lots of work and is slow. Examples include phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
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What is the equation of Fick's Law of Diffusion
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diffusion rate = [concentration gradient (c1 - c2) or membrane permeability][surface area][temp] / [sq rt mol weight][distance]
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What is the surface area of the lung?
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75 meters squared
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What two factors in addition to those covered by Fick's Law of Diffusion can impact diffusion?
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electrical potential difference, pressure difference
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In what direction does facilitated diffusion go?
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High concentration to low concentration?
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Does facilitated diffusion use ATP?
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No
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In what two situations would facilitated diffusion be used?
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Compounds are too large to go through membrane pore (large than 8 angstroms) OR compounds are not lipid soluable
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Does facilitated diffusion utilize a carrier molecule?
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Yes
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What happens when equilibrium is achieved?
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Same amount of compounds on each side of membrane.
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Does movement occur with equilibrium? In which direction?
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Yes - BOTH!
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What two factors limit the use of facilitated diffusion?
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Saturation - limited number of carrier molecules
Specificity - carrier molecules bind to specific ligands. |
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What is an example of specificity as it relates to facilitated diffusion?
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Glucose is specific for GLUT carrier molecule.
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Which direction does active transport move in?
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Low concentration to high concentration - against concentration gradient
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Is ATP used with active transport?
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Yes
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When is equilibrium reached with active transport?
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It isn't. There is a constant uneven distribution. That is the "secret of life"
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Does active transport utilize a carrier molecule?
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Yes
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Are carrier molecules always specific for the same molecule?
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No - once a delivery is made, carrier molecule can change its confirmation to accept a different ligand. In class, the "same" carrier molecule transported Na+ and then K+.
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What is osmosis?
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MOVEMENT of H2O through a SEMIPERMEABLE membrane from an area of HIGH water concentration (LOW SOLUTE) to an area of LOW water concentration (HIGH SOLUTE)
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What is the equation for osmotic pressure?
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pie = (NUMBER of particles)(R = gas constant)(T = temp in kalvin)[(high con - low con)]
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What is the equation for energy? What is its significance?
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K (energy) = MV2 / 2 Larger mass = less velocity and vice versa. K is a constant so the NUMBER of particles matters more than the SIZE of the particles.
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What is 1 Osmolar?
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# of particles in 1 gram molecular weight of UNDISSOCIATED solute.
Glucose does not disassociate so it is 1 Osmol NaCl is 2 Osmol because it disassociates |
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What is normal osmotic pressure of cells?
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Between 285 and 300 mOsmol
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How much osmotic pressure must cells surrounded by pure water generate to avoid water entering the cell?
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5400mm Hg or 7 atm
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What is an isotonic solution as it relates to cell? What is the mOsmol measurement? How much movement would there be?
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300 mOsmol outside the cell. NET movement is zero BUT water moves in both directions
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Where in the body can you find a hypertonic solution? What is mOsmol measurement?
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Henley's loop - tip is 1400 mOsmol
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Where in the body is mOsm measured? What kind of receptors are used?
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hypothalamus' osmoreceptors
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What three processes occur when neuronal osmoreceptors shrink?
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Action potentials are generated, which causes the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus to release ADH (aka vasopressin) / osmoreceptors also activate the thirst center / also indrectly cause release of angiotensin II into 3rd ventricle of brain to also activate thirst center
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What is the role of ADH / vasopressin?
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Allow Henley's Loop to become permeable to water, thus conserving water by moving it to the interstitial fluid.
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What would be the expected mOsm in someone who was over hydrated?
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Less than 280
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Why use 5% dextrose in the clinical setting?
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It is isotonic
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What use isosaline in the clinical setting?
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It is 300 mOsm - isotonic!
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What is phagocytosis
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cell eating
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What is pinocytosis
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cell drinking
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What is the process by which particles are engulfed?
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particle attachment to plasma membrane > influx of Na+ depolarizes membrane > release of Ca+ from ER (can store large amounts of Ca+) > Ca+ activates microfilaments and membrane contraction > membrane contraction > reuptake of Ca+ into ER > engulfment of particle > fusion with lysosome
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What chemical does the right atrium secrete?
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natriuretic
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REMEMBER TO STUDY HANDOUTS AND WRITTEN DIAGRAMS
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REMEMBER TO STUDY HANDOUTS AND WRITTEN DIAGRAMS
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