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80 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What are the organic components of bone?
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Bone cells-osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts.
Osteoid- organic part of matrix, collagen, polysaccharides |
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Bone cells are made of what three bone cells?
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Osteocytes, osteoblsts, osteoclasts.
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Osteoid is made up of what and helps contribute to what
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Made of an organic part of matrix, collagen, polysaccharides(glycosaminogylcans). resilience of bones.
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Inorganic components
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1 calcium and phosphorus salts (80% calcium phosphate, rest is calcium carbonate and magnesium phosphate) Provides hardness to bone
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What has to be removed to create a soft bone?
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Inorganic compone
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What needs to be removed for a bone to become brittle bone
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the organic components removed by charring, inorganic salts remain, prone to breaking
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Osteoblasts do what and are found where
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bone forming cells found in all bone surface. synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components of bone matrix
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Osteoblasts are the framework for what?
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For the deposition of calcium and phosphate salts.
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What are immature bone cells called and what do they secrete
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Osteoblast secretes organic components of matrix
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Osteocytes are what, and no longer do what?
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Mature bone cells, they are nondividing osteoblasts surrounded by matrix, lying within lacunae.
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Osteocytes are mature bone cell that maintain what?
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The Bone matrix
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Osteoclasts what multiple what?
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they are multinucleate cells
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What do osteoclasts responsible for
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the active erosion of bone minerals by producing acids,and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix
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Osteoclasts contain large numbers of what?
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mitochondria and lysosomes
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Compact bone consists of what
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primarily of laminated tubes- Osteonal systems
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Each osteon consists of a
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central canal( blood vessels and nerves) surrounded by circular plates of bone (lamellae)
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where are osteons added to increase the diameter
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added on the periphery of the shaft of the bone.
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Lacunae are cavities containing what?
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Bone Cells Osteocytes
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how are the Lacunae arranged
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concentric rings
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Lamellae are located where
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are in rings around the central canal.
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Canaliculi are what & are located where?
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Tiny canals that radiate form the central canal to lacunae
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What do canaliculi form?
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a transport system
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what is ossification
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formation of true bone by deposition of calcium salts in a matrix of osteoid tissue.
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Calcification is depositing of calcium salts within what
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the tissue
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Where is the center of Ossification?
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Local area of bone formation
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The environment is which bone forms determines ....
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Endochondral ossification (intracartilaginous)
Intramembranous ossification |
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Endochondral ossification Ex. Long Bone where does formation begins, where is 2nd ossification centers, what separates the center
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Primary ossification center (Mid-shaft), Develop near the ends of long bone, cartilaginous region is called physis separates the centers.
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intramembranous ossification eg. flat bone the ossification center appears where?
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in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
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intramembranous the bone matrix is secreted within the...
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Fibrous membrane and is calcified
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Canaliculi are what & are located where?
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Tiny canals that radiate form the central canal to lacunae
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intramembranous ossification eg flat bone what is woven and forms what? this results is what happening
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Woven bone and periosteum form.
compact bone surrounding a cancellous bone core. |
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What do canaliculi form?
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a transport system
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what is ossification
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formation of true bone by deposition of calcium salts in a matrix of osteoid tissue.
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Calcification is depositing of calcium salts within what
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the tissue
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Where is the center of Ossification?
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Local area of bone formation
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The environment is which bone forms determines ....
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Endochondral ossification (intracartilaginous)
Intramembranous ossification |
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Endochondral ossification Ex. Long Bone where does formation begins, where is 2nd ossification centers, what separates the center
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Primary ossification center (Mid-shaft), Develop near the ends of long bone, cartilaginous region is called physis separates the centers.
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intramembranous ossification eg. flat bone the ossification center appears where?
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in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
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intramembranous the bone matrix is secreted within the...
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Fibrous membrane and is calcified
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intramembranous ossification eg flat bone what is woven and forms what? this results is what happening
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Woven bone and periosteum form.
compact bone surrounding a cancellous bone core. |
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what is bone remodelling
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continuous turnover of bone in mature animals is called remodelling.
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During remodelling bone can:
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shrink Atrophy
increase in size hypertrophy repair rearrange |
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what is the role of calcium
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reservoir of calcium that is constantly depleted or repleted.
activity of bone cells is regulated by 2 hormones. |
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what are the 2 hormones that regulate bone cell activity
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin |
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What does Parathyroid Hormone do
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Increases serum calcium by increasing net release of calcium salts
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What does Calcitonin
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Primary effect is to reduce osteoclast activity, lowering serum calcium.
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Fracture
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Break in the continuity of bone
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what are the different classification of fracture
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Simple, open, greenstick, complete, physeal, comminuted
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Simple
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skin remains intact
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Open
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Wound from teh exterior is the contact with the broken bone
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Greenstick
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one side if the bone is broken/splintered while other side is intact but bent
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Greenstick
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one side if the bone is broken/splintered while other side is intact but bent
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Complete
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bone is broken across
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Complete
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bone is broken across
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Physeal
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Located at the junction of a epiphysis and diaphysis
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comminuted
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bone is broken into smaller pieces
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Physeal
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Located at the junction of a epiphysis and diaphysis
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Steps in healing a fracture
upon apposition and immobilization |
Clot is invaded by connective tissue cells, osteoblasts divide rapidly produce a large amount of osteoid;callus Mineralization of callus, spontaneous deformity correction
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comminuted
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bone is broken into smaller pieces
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what makes Granulation tissue
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Fibroblasts and capillaries
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Steps in healing a fracture
upon apposition and immobilization |
Clot is invaded by connective tissue cells, osteoblasts divide rapidly produce a large amount of osteoid;callus Mineralization of callus, spontaneous deformity correction
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while healing what do osteoblasts do
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(peri and Endosteum) divide rapidly produce a large amount of osteoid; callus.
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Spontaneous deformity correction causes...
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callus increases on concave side as stress is greatest there; erodes on convex side.
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what makes Granulation tissue
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Fibroblasts and capillaries
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what are factors that should be kept in mind with a healing fracture
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Amount of spontaneous correction depends age, blood supply of the bone, degree of correction, presence/absence of infection, amount of damage to associated tissue
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while healing what do osteoblasts do
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(peri and Endosteum) divide rapidly produce a large amount of osteoid; callus.
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Long bone vs skull bones which has a greater bone supply
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Long bone
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Spontaneous deformity correction causes...
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callus increases on concave side as stress is greatest there; erodes on convex side.
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what are factors that should be kept in mind with a healing fracture
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Amount of spontaneous correction depends age, blood supply of the bone, degree of correction, presence/absence of infection, amount of damage to associated tissue
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Long bone vs skull bones which has a greater bone supply
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Long bone
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other pathological conditions caused by infections are
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Tumors,ossteoma, chondroma, sarcoma, endocrine disturbances or nutritional imbalances
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Bone TB is caused by
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Mycobacterium, it attacks the spine and the ends of the long bone
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Osteomyelitis
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inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by staphylococcus/streptococcus enter via blood vessel/ wound.
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Osteodystrophy
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any abnormality on bone development abnormality in normal Ca & P regulations
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Rickets (young) Osteomalacia (older)
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Inadequate mineralixation of osteoid
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Achondroplasia
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hereditary condition in which metaphyses fuse early but bone continue to grow in diameter
Dwarfism and Dachshund dogs, cattle |
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Endochondral ossification utilizes a cartilage model in the growing fetus to start forming bone. ex of bones in which it occurs are the flat bone
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False
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name at least 3 anatomical structures found in a osteonal system
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Haversion canals, Canaliculi, Lacunae, lamellae
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List the Joints in the forelimb
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Scapula scapulo-humeral, elbow joint(union of 3) Carpus, Metacarpaphalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, distal interphalangeal
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List of the joints of the hind limb
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Sacoiliac joint, Coxofemoral joint, stifle joint, tarsus, metarsaphalange, interphalangeal joint, distal interphalangeal joint.
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