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Cranial nerve components include
GSE, GSA, GVE, GVA, SSA, SVA, SVE
function of SSA
convey information related to those special senses which relate the body to the external environment: CN VIII (retina, cochlea, labyrinth of inner ear)
function of SVA
convey information related to those special senses associated with ingestion of food: smell and taste
function of SVE
the fibers innervating skeletal muscle derived from the pharyngeal arches: V, VII, IX, X
lower motor neurons giving rise to efferent fibers (GSE, SVE, GVE) in cranial nerves are located in ___
motor group of branial nerve nucleu
primary sensory neurons giving rise to afferent fibers in cranial nerves are usually located in _____and project to ____
ganglia outside the CNS;
secondary neurons in the dorsal gray of the brain stem
CN I - olfactory nerve include
bulb and tract
What kind of cranial nerve fibers do CN I carry?
SVA
the smell receptors are located on ____
olfactory epithelium
normal function of olfactory can be interfered by pathology on ____ or ____
underside of frontal lobes
the floor of the anterior cranial fossa
primary olfactory neurons are found ___

secondary olfactory neurons are found ___
olfactory epithelium (olfactory mucosa)

bulb and tract
odorants are dissolved in secretions of ____
olfactory glands
olfactory axons piercing through the cribriform plate is unmyelinated or myelinated?
unmyelinated
CNS structures concerned with olfaction are collectively known as
Rhinenecephalon (aka nose brain)
____ is the site of primary olfactory cortex, consist of parahippocampal and amygdala.

olfactory fibers also project to ____ and mediate salivation, gastric secretion and peristalsis or nausea.
piriform lobe

autonomic centers
leisons of CNI result in unilateral anosmia, hyposmia or smell distortion
- A-P head injuries: if the nerves roots are sheared, the injury may also involve CSF leakage from the sub-arachnoid space to the nasal cavity.
- tumors, abcesses or meningiomas of the anterior cranial fossa
- frontal lobe masses or abcesses
- neurodegenerative disease: Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntinton's
- Toxic (chronic smoking): the sense of smell may be compromised by sinonasal inflammatory disease, which blocks odorants from accessing receptors (rhinitis and sinusitis)
light, after transduced to electrical signal by cones and rods passes to ___ then ____
bipolar cells

ganglion cells
bipolar cells are the ____ sensory neurons

axons of the ganglion cells form the ___
primary sensory neurons

form the optic nerve
CNII - optic n. has what kind of cranial nerve component?
special somatic afferent (SSA)
optic nerves decussate at ____

crossing fibers are vulnerable to lesions of ____ and _____
decussate at optic chiasm

vulnerable to lesions of pituitary gland and the ventral diencephalon
optic nerve is a white matter tract of the CNS, not a nerve. T/F
T
the reason that optic nerve is white matter is because it's
1) comprised of ___
2) it's covered w/ ___
1) comprised of axons of secondary, rather than primary, sensory neurons
2) it' covered w/ CNS myelin
lesions that affect prechiasmatic, to retina or optic nerve include (4) and consequences
-macular degeneration
-glaucoma (atrophy of optic disk w/ increaed intraocular pressure)
-optic neuritis (MS, syphillis, Lyme)
facial trauma
monocular blindness
If the lesion to the nerve is incomplete, a scotoma or blind spot in that eye's visual field results.
lesions that affect chiasmatic, to optic chiasm, consequences
-pituitary adenoma (benign neoplasias)
-ICA aneurysm
temporal visual fields are lost: loss of peripheral vision "Tunnel vision"
lesions that affect postchiasmatic, to optic tract, lateral geniculi nuclei (LGN) or optic radiations
loss of input from contralateral visual fields of both eyes
optic nerve is formed by the axons of ___
ganglion cells
pathway of light
rods/cones -> bipolar and amacrine cells -> ganglion cells
_____ of fovea centralis has the densest concentration of ____ and a 1:1 ratio of ____ to ____ cells for maximal visual acuity and color vision
macula
densest concentration of cones
ratio of cones to ganglion cells
optic nerve leaves eye through ____
lamina cribrosa
central artery of the retina sends ___ branches of thru the optic disk
4
information from the two ___ retinal fields crosses at the optic chiasm.

____ fields remain uncrossed

each optic tract carries info from ___ and ____ visual fields
two nasal retinal fields

temporal fields

same and opposite
optic tract terminate at ____ and project to ____

visual also inputs project to ____ surrounding _____ fissure in the ______ of the brain
1. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
2. brainstem (midbrain) nuclei

primary visual cortex, calcarine fissure in the occupital lobes of the brain
What kind of cranial nerve component does CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) have?
special somatic afferent (SSA)
CNIII conveys sensory input concerning sound from the ____ and equilibrium from the semicircular canal of the ______
cochlea

vestibular system
CN VIII arises from the sulcus bwt the ___ and ___ and travel laterally at the _____
bwt pons and medulla

travel laterally at the Cerebello-pontine Angle
CN VII and VIII are vulnerable to the formation of benign ______ as they enter the meatus.
These benign neoplasm are encapsulated by the _____ and compromise acoustic perception
benign acoustic neuromas

encapsulated by the perineurium
organs of hearing and balance are embedded within the _____ of the temporal bone or ________
w.i. the petrous part of the temporal bone or petrous pyramid
membranous labyrinth is suspended in the __________ w/i the ______ of the petrous temporal bone
bony labyrinth
otic capsule
The interval separating the membranous labyrinth from the surrounding bony labyrinth is filled with a CSF-like fluid called
perilymph
The membranous labyrinth contains ____
endolymph
membranous labyrinth is divided into 3 components
1) utricle & saccule
2) semicircular canal
3) cochlear duct
CNVIII is subdivided into ___ n. and ___n.
vestibular n.
cochlear n.
function of cochlear n. and is composed of axons of what ganglion
functions in hearing.
central processes of neurons of spiral ganglion.
sound wave induce vibration of _____ membrane, and stapes moves in and out of the _______, generating pressure waves w/i the perilymph
induce vibration of the tympanic membrane

moves in and out of the oval window
fluid wave w/i the peilymph vibrates the basilar membrane of the _______ stimulating the hair cells.
Hair cells transmit AP to bipolar neurons whose cell bodies are in the___
organ of corti

spiral ganglion
In scala vestibuli: perilymph ascends or descends from ____ window

In scala tympani: perilymph ascends or descends to ______ window
In scala vestibuli: perilymph ascends from oval window

In scala tympani: perilymph descends to round window
cochlear nerve project to _____ located in the _______
project to cochlear nuclei located in the caudal pons
place principle states that
stimulation of hair cells in different areas along the basilar membrane results from different frequencies of sound
short waves (high frequencies, high pitch) trigger hair cells in _____
base of cochlea
long waves (low frequencies, low pitch) trigger hair cells in
apex of cochlea
anterior cochlear nucleus receives high or low frequency?
low frequency
posterior cochlear nucleus receives high or low frequency?
high frequency
function of stapedius and tensor tympani
protect the cochlea from loud sounds and lower the volume of one's own speech
processing of bilateral acoustic inputs begins where?
in the brainstem
acoustic inputs project to cortex in the ____
temporal lobe along the lateral sulcus
functions of vestibular nerve (2)
1. responsible for controlling posture, balance and equilibrium
2. composed of the central processes of bipolar neurons in the vestibular ganglion
Inputs from ________, otolithic organs, convey linear acceleration and motion due to gravity and translational movement
maculae of the utricle and saccule
Inputs from _______ convey changes in angular motion and rotary acceleration of the head in any direction relative to vertical during quiet stance
ampullae of the semicircular canal
sensory modalities that determines overall body position and movement
vestibular system
visual inputs
proprioceptors
posture control
vestibulo-reticular outputs
visual inputs convey info about movement with respect to the _____ and the direction of ______
environment

direction of vertical
proprioceptors convey inputs about _____ and ________, providing info concerning the relative alignment of body position
joint position and muscle strength
posture control via innervation of the _____ of the posterior neck, back and lower limb to support the body against the pull of _____
extensors of -----

pull of gravity
vestibulo-reticular outputs mediates
motion sickness: nausea, vomiting, pallor hypotension
CN VIII lesions:
causes and symptoms include
causes: viral labyrinthitis, Meniere's Disease (imbalance of endolymph), Acoustic neuroma (benign tumor of Schwann cells)

symptoms: sensorineural deafness, tinnitus (ring, whistling or booming), dizziness, vertigo (the illusory perception of motion), nausea and vomiting, nystagmus (rhythmic oscillation of eyeball) producing oscillopsia (jumping of visual environment)