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What is challenging behavior?
Any behavior that interferes with a child's cognitive, social, or emotional development; is harmful to a child, his peers, or adults; puts a child at high risk for later social problems or school failure.
Agressive Behavior
Aims to harm or injure others and can assume many forms. It can be physical or verbal, direct, or indirect.
Direct: hitting, pushing, pinching, spitting, hairpulling, name-calling
Indirect: spreading rumors
Can also be referred to as social or relational aggression
Antisocial/Disruptive Behavior
Inflicts physcial or mental harm or property loss or damage on others and violates social norms and expectations.
It includes defying rules, instructions, or authority; arguing, swearing, cheating, lying, stealing, bullying, or destroying objects; and acting in ways that are abusive, coercive, or cruel.
Conflict
Occurs when people have opposing goals or interests.
Can be resolved in many ways-by nefotiating, taking turns, persuading, and so on.
Frustration-Aggression Theory
Holds that when people are fustrated-when they can't acheive their goals- they become angry and hostile, and act aggressively.
Social Learning Theory
Says that people learn agressive behavior from the enviroment and use it to acheive their goals.
Cognitive Script Model
Children learn scripts for agressive beahvior-when to expect it, what to do, what it will feel like, what its results will be-and they lay them down in their memory banks.
The more they rehearse these scrips through observation, fantasy, and behavior, the more readily they spring to mind and govern behavior when the occasion arises.
Social Information Processing Model
In every single social interaction, there is lots of information to be instantly processed and turned into a response.
As each social cue comes in, the child must encode it, interpret it, think of possible responses, evaluate them, and choose a response to enact.
Hostile Attribution Bias
is the tendeny to perceive ambiguous actions by others as aggressive.
Reactive Aggression
also known as hostile or affective aggression
Appears in the heat of the moment in reaction to some frustration or perceived provocation.
Angry, volatile, and not at all controlled, it is often aimed at hurting someone.
Is challenging behavior ever appropriate?
It is developmentally appropriate early in life, as children become interested in controlling their own activities and possessions.
What happens to children with more serious behavior problems?
They tend to become rejected by their peers-disliked, and ridiculed. They have low self-esteem and self-confidence, are often isolated and depressed. And have a lack of social and emotional skills.
They learn to expect rejection and may even strike out preemptively to protect themselves.
What do the theorists say about aggressive and antisocial behavior?
Aggressive and antisocial behavior is more likely to occur if the enviroment considers it normal and acceptable and it if is part of a child's usual repertoire of responses.
When the enviroment devalues aggressive behavior and children have competent, effective, nonaggressive behavior and children have competent, effective, nonagressive responses at their disposal, they have a far better chance of solving their problmes amicably.
Does culture play a role in aggressive behavior?
Cultures vary in the way they view aggressive behavior. When adults actively discourage aggressive behavior, the outcome is a peaceful society. When they encourage it, an aggressive society is the result.
Why is it improtant to know when challenging behaviors are developementally appropriate?
Because most children gradually stop using physical aggression around 3 years old. They learn to regulate their feelings, understand another person's point of view, and are able to communicate their needs
Sure, children are going to continue to use challenging behavior from time to time, but if it is persistent, then there is a problem.