PP1 Exam Definitions

Located on the cell surface or in the target cell, to recognise a specific hormone and translate the hormonal signal into a cellular response

accelerated growth of muscle, bone, and red blood cells, and enhanced neural conduction

Response reverses a change in a controlled condition

Response strengthens the change in a controlled condition

Defects in endocrine function, target gland is normal, but function is producing the hormone

Disorders of the endocrine function, target gland is normal, but function is altered by defective levels of stimulating hormones or releasing factors

Disorders result from hypothalamic dysfunction thus both the pituitary and target organ are under stimulated

Opposes the action of another hormone

Postmitotic phase, during DNA synthesis stop white RNA and protein synthesis and cell growth takes place

DNA synthesis occurs, forming 2 x chromosomes, 1 / daughter cell

premitotic phase (similar to gap 1 phase), DNA stops white RNA and protein synthesis continue

Nuclear division, or mitosis and cytokinesis or cytoplasmic division

Family of proteins that control the entry and progression of cells through the cell cycle; functions are to bind to (therefore activating) proteins called cyclin-dependant kinases (CDKs)

Phosphorylate specific target proteins and are expressed continuously during the cell cycle but in an inactive form

regulate cell cycle checkpoints during which mistakes in DNA replication are reparied

Gene that protects a cell from 1 step on the path to cancer

length of DNA at the end of a chromosomes, made up of 6 nucleotide bases that is involved in the replication and stability of DNA molecules

normal response to DNA damage in cells

pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage of embryo

specialised microenvironments and have important roles in homeostasis as they contribute to tissue regeneration and replacement of cells lost to apoptosis

Antigen expressed on the surface of tumor cells or substances released from normal cells in response to the presence of a tumor

Chemical or physical agent that causes a genetic mutation or increases the mutation rate by causing changes in DNA

virus capable of inducing the formation of cancer

Potentially cancer-inducing gene

invasion into the lymphatic system is followed by the transport of tumor cells to regional lymph nodes and ultimately to other parts of the body

Typical of all sarcomas but it is the favoured route in certain carcinomas (e.g. originating from the kidneys) - Disseminated in the blood stream

Development of new blood vessels

Uses high-energy particles to destroy or damage cancer cells

inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

movement of air out of the lungs

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and body cells

respond to changes in the hydrogen ion concentration of the cerebral spinal fluid

detect blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

the ratio of airflow into the lungs divided by the pulmonary blood flow

pulmnary arteries constrict in the presence of hypoxia (low oxygen levels) without hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide levels, redirecting blood flow to the alveoli with higher oxygen content

Cholecystokinin - hormone responsible for stimulating the gallbladder; stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes; slows gastric emptying; stimulates biliary secretion of fluid and bicarbonate

Largest of lipoproteins synthesised in the small intestine; transports triglycerides and cholesterol to adipose and skeletal muscle tissue

Lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in an aqueous solutions that allow non-soluble lipid products to mix with chyme and travel through the small intestine

Macrophages that are attached to the luminal surface in the liver

Synthesised as part of urea cycle, either from oxidation of amino acids or ammonia

Formed when the body breaks down purine (found in food/drink)

No desire to eat food at all; not a choice

Choice not to eat food because imbalanes in brain make them think negatively about their body

Blood in vomitus

The passage of black, tarry stools composed largely of blood that has been acted on by gastric juices, indicative of bleeding in the upper digestive tract

Blood in the stool, but not visible to the human eye

Difficulty in swallowing

Disorder of the oesophagus that prevents swallowing

water is pulled into the bowel by the hyperosmotic nature of its contents

Chron's disease and Ulcerative Colitis; characterised by inflammation or ulceration

characterised as a function disease or syndrome with a diagnosis made on a cluster of symptoms in the absence of notable structural abnormalities

Urease which enables it to produce enough ammonia to buffer stomach acid allowing it to pass into the duodenal site

Chronic wasting of the body tissues, especially in young children

A sever malnutrition of infants or young children, primarily in tropical and substropical regions

Jaundice

stage after incubation usually lasting 1-2 weeks

2ndary stage of hepatitis last about 2-3 weeks

3rd stage of heptatis last up to 4 months for HBV/HCV; up to 2-3 months for HAV

Abnormal enlargement of the liver

Infectious liver disease resulting in several physiological disorders, depending on what type of hepatitis it is (viral, non-viral)

Complication of GORD that results in metaplasia of the epithelium lining the oesophagus to become more like epithelium that lines the intestine

Chronic disease tht occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter does not close properly and stomach contents leak back into the oesophagus

Fibrosis of the liver; can cause portal venous hypertension

accumulation of fluid in the abdomen (peritoneal cavity) due to hepatic portal vein being blocked up from increased pressure, therefore water and proteins have nowhere else to go but into the peritoneal cavity

Abnormal enlargement of the spleen

Yellowing of the skin and sclera (white of eyes) due to excess bilirubin in the blood

Brain disease or malfunction causing mental confusion, muscle twitching, coma, seizures, or tremors

Intestinal folding or "telescoping" of one segment of the intestine into another adjacent distal segment of the intestine - most common place is where the small and large bowel meet

Part of Interphase in the cell cycle; DNA synthesis stops while RNA synthesis, protein synthesis and cell growth occur

occurs in interphase of the cell cycle; DNA synthesis occurs forming 2 chromosomes, 1 pair for each daughter cell

Part of interphase in cell cycle; premitotic phase where DNA synthesis stops while RNA syntheis and protein synthesis occur (similar to G1 phase)

Mitotic phase which is when Nuclear division, mitosis, and cytokinesis occur producing 2 daughter cells

Family of proteins that control the entry and progression (activation) of cyclin-dependant kinases (CDKs)

Cyclin dependant kinases phosphorylate specific target proteins and are continually expressed throughout the cell cycle but in an inactive form

Cyclin dependant kinase inhibitors that regulate cell cycle checkpoints during which mistakes in DNA replications are repaired.

A gene that protects cells from 1 step on the path to cancer

Genes that are able to repair non-lethal damage to pro-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and genes that control apoptosis.

a length of DNA at the end of a chromosome, composed of 6 nucleotide bases, that are involved in replication and stability of DNA molecules

An inevitable process of deterioration from ageing and the normal response to DNA damage in cells

An enzyme that is found in the telomeres of chromosomes in germ cells or stem cells

Stem cells can divide to produce more stem cells and other cells that carry out functions of differentiated cells

Stem cells can determine the potency of deferentiated stem cells

have specialised microenvironmens and play an important role in maintaing homeostatsis such as tissue regeneration and replacement of cells lost due to apoptosis

Pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage of the embryo

Gives rise to one type of differentiated cell

Produces small number of cells

Gives rise to numerous cell types

cells that are clustered together in a well-defined fibrous capsule

(cancer) have the ability to escape into the circulatory or lymphatic systems and form secondary tumors

Benign tumor of glandular epithelium tissue

Malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

Malignant tumor of epithelial tissue

Malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin

Benign microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike projection growing on a surface

Benign tumor of bone tissue

Regrssion of a differentiated cell to a less differentiated stage, in cancerous tissue

Tumors aquire malignant phenotypic changes (expression of a particular trait) that promote invasiveness, matastic competence, autonomous growth tendencies and increased karyotypic instability (characterization of chromosomes : arrangement, number, size, and/or shape)

A tumor marker is an antigen that is expressed on the surface of a tumor cell or substances that are released from normal cells in response to the presence of a tumor

PSA - Prostate specific antigen

A mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that causes genetic mutation or increase the rate of genetic mutation by causing changes in DNA

A virus capable of inducing the formation of cancer

Potentially cancer-inducing gene

Cells are exposed to a carcinogenic agent, making them susceptible to malignant transformation

Unregulated, accelerated growth in already initiated cells caused by various chemicals and growth factors

Tumor cells aquire malignant phenotypic changes that promote invasiveness, metastic competence, autonomous growth tendencies and increased karyotypic instability

Invasion of the lymphatic system by cancer, followed by transportation of tumor cells into the lymph nodes and ultimately to other parts of the body

A route favoured by carcinomas and sarcomas

Formation of new blood vessels

Inhibits angiogenesis by inducing the synthesis of an antiangiogenic molecule

Radiation therapy uses high energy particles to damage or destroy cancer cells; radiation either kill immediately or halts or delays the cell cycle progression; radiation convices cancer cells undergoing proccessing to undergo apoptosis.

Regression of a differentiated cell to a less differentiated stage, in cancerous tissue

1. Attachment
2. Dissolution
3. Locomotion

Difficulty in swallowing

painful swallowing

failure of esophageal sphincter to relax

one or multiple herniations of the mucosal layer

complication of diverticulosis - inflammation

Decreased bile flow through the intrahepatic canaliculi

gall stones

inflammation of the gallbladder

inflammation of the common bile duct

When GH excess occurs in adulthood or after epiphyses of long bones have fused.

Vomitting of blood - source usually upper GIT or oesophageal varices

Disorder which prevents normal swallowing due to degenerationof nerve cells that normall tell brain to relax oesophageal sphincter

Temporary absence or cessation of breathing

Partial or complete collapse of the lung.

Decreased oxygen to the tissues

Increasing breathing rate

Discomfort breathing

low oxygen levels in the blood

excess carbon dioxide in the blood

shortness of breath

abnormal rate of breathing

attacks of severe shortness of breath and coughing

deep and laboured breathing

breathe with a whistling or rattling sound

harsh vibrating noise when breathing

abnormal breathing; periods of shallow and deep breaths

blood in the lungs

bluish discolouration of extremeties from excess deoxygenated Hb in blood

squeaking or grating sounds of pleural linings rubbing together

changes in areas under and around toenails and fingernails

bringing air into lungs through a sucking motion

inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

Inhalation and exhalation; does not participate in gas exchange

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the body cells

respond to changes in hydrogen ion concentration of the crebral spinal fluid

respond to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

bronchioles

the ratio of airflow into the lungs divided by the pulmonary blood flow

presence of air in the pleural space causes partial or complete collapse of the lung

inflammation of the pleura

scarring of the lung

clear fluid causing congestive heart failure

fluid with high content of protein and cellular debris

collection of modified macrophages resembling epithelial cells, surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes

1. squamous cell carcinoma
2. adenocarcinoma
3. large cell carcinoma
4. small cell lung cancer: brain metastases common with SCLC and may provide the first evidence of the tumour. Inflitrates widely, disseminates early

coughing up blood

respiratory condition that is usually triggered by an acute viral infection of the upper airway; swelling inisde the throat which interferes with normal breathing

infected and inflamed epiglottis

inflammation of the bronchioles

aldosterone, ADH; salt savers, water retention; potassium waster

cortisol

anabolic hormones; build muscle; male characteristics; testosterone

located on the cell surface or in the target cell, to recognise a specific hormone and translate the hormonal signal into a cellular response

defects in endocrine function originate in the target gland responsible for producing th ehormone

disorders of the endocrine function, target gland is normal but function is altered

disorders result from hypthalamic dysfunction

deficiency of glucose in bloodstream

excess glucose in bloodstream