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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Supply body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
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respiratory system
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breathing (air in and out)
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pulmonary ventilation
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breathing in
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inspiration
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breathing out
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expiration
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in lungs; gas exchange between the air/blood (alveoli/capillaries). O2 goes in blood, CO2 goes out blood to air.
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external respiration
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in body; gas exchange between the body tissues and blood. O2 out blood to tissues, CO2 goes out tissues to blood
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internal respiration
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transport of gases along the blood
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transport of respiratory gases
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Pathway of air flow.
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Nose-->pharynx (throat)-->larynx (voicebox)-->trachea (windpipe)-->bronchi-->bronchioles-->alveoli
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Part of the pharynx (throat) that deals with air only
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nasopharynx
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Parts of the pharynx (throat) that deals with air/food.
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oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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makes adam's apple
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thyroid cartilage
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false and true vocal cords
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arytenoid cartilage
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lid on larynx; guards airway
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epiglottis
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throat
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pharynx
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voicebox
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larynx
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windpipe
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trachea
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air sacs
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Alveoli
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membrane between alveoli and capillary
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air-blood barrier
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ciliated, secretes mucus. Thymus wrapped around it.
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trachea (windpipe)
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Place where the Alveoli (air sacs) reside.
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Bronchioles
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normal amount of air in or out
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Tidal Volume (TV)
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extra amount of air that can be breathed in.
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inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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extra amount of air that can be breathed out.
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expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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Both IM and D contract and pull out for (____) increasing thoracic volume.
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Inspiration
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Both IM and D relax during passive (____) decreasing thoracic volume.
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Expiration
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The lobes of the lungs are?
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3 on the right side (superior, middle, inferior) and 2 on the left side (superior and inferior)
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Why is there only two lobes on the left side of the lungs?
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b/c the heart takes up space.
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bones for protecting the lungs/heart
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ribs
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max amount EXHALED after a full breath in.
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vital capacity
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VC=
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IRV+TV+ERV
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Amount of air that doesn't go anywhere.
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Residual volume
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Buffer system of the blood that helps stabilize arterial blood pH at approximately 7.4.
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Carbonic acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System
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enzyme in RBCs that helps turn water and carbon dioxide into carbonic acid.
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Carbonic anhydrase
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swelling of the bronchi
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bronchitis
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decrease in alveoli elasticity
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Emphysema
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inflammation of the alveoli
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Pneumonia
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How do people who suffer spinal cord injuries continue using muscles like the diaphragm, but cannot use skeletal muscles in the arm?
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Nerves like the Phrenic Nerve that innervates the diaphragm and the Vagus Nerve that innervates internal organs.
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What innervates the diaphragm?
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Phrenic Nerve
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What nerve innervates internal organs?
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Vagus Nerve
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Why are the tonsils and/or adenoids removed in some children?
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Recurrent Infections; Swelling of the lymph tissue causes blockage of breathing, may prevent eustachian tube draining.
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provides body with nutrients for health
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digestive system
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break down food physically (teeth) and chemically (amylase).
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Digestion
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take nutrients into cells
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absorption
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pathway for digestion
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Mouth-->pharynx-->esophagus-->stomach-->SI--LI
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Carbs start getting broken down in the?
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Mouth
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Protein start getting digested in the?
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stomach
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Carbs and proteins go?
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directly into blood
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fats go?
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into lacteal (lymph vessel) then circulation
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Fats start their break down in the?
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small intestine
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nutrient absorption
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small intestine
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what are the accessory digestive organs?
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teeth, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder
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muscle squeezing; pushes food down
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peristalsis
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uses peristalsis to push food down.
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esophagus
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between esophagus and stomach
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gastroesophageal sphincter
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water absorption
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large intestine
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between stomach and small intestine
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pyloric sphincter
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the muscle of the large intestine
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teniae coli
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the bulges in the large intestine are called?
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haustrum
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chewing (mastication)
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teeth
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covers teeth
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enamel
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the part of teeth that has blood vessels
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pulp cavity
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gums
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gingiva
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anchors tooth to bone
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periodontal ligament
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make amylase
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salivary glands
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produces bile and detoxifies blood
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liver
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where is bile released?
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the small intestine; and its function is to break apart fat.
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What is at the corner of each lobule?
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portal venule, portal arteriole, and bile duct
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what is at the center of each lobule
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central veins
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in the lobule, detoxifies blood
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hepatocytes (liver cells)
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spaces the blood travels through
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sinusoids
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space bile travels through
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bile canaliculi
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liver macrophages, eat bacteria that comes through with the blood.
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Kupffer cells
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stores bile
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gallbladder
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yellowish pigmentation of the skin, tissues, and body fluids caused by the deposition of bile pigments
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jaundice
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an example of this is Hepatitis-liver inflammation. Leads to Cirrhosis
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Jaundice
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Sugar regulation
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pancreas
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what is the function of the pancreas?
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bicarbonate=released into small intestine; neutralizes acidic chyme (food) coming from stomach
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the gallbladder releases bile through the?
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cystic duct
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lymphoid tissue found around trachea
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thymus
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lymphoid tissue found thoughout small intestine
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peyer's patches
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lymphoid tissue found at large intestine
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appendix
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removes waste, maintains homeostasis
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urinary system
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toxins, waste, and ions leave the body through?
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urine
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Urinary flow goes from?
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kidney-->ureter-->bladder-->urethra
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urine formation=
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filtration, reabsorption (ions into blood), secretion (ions out of blood)
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outer kidney region
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cortex
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inner kidney region
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medulla
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kidney unit
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nephron
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part of the nephron used for filtration
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bowman's capsule
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part of the nephron used for reabsorption
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proximal convoluted tubule
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part of the nephron that has a descending and ascending part.
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loop of henle
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part of the nephron that is used for secretion
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distal convoluted tubule
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part of the nephron that drains into the papilla
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collecting duct
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which parts of the nephron are not all in the cortex?
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loop of henle and collecting duct
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capillaries that come through the nephron region, and water, salts, and ions filter out of the capillary blood in the Bowman's capsule
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glomerulus
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cells (foot processes on the glomerulus that make slits, which allows substances to leak out from blood.
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Podocytes
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all along the tubules in the cortex; this is where the reabsorbed ions go to, and the secreted ions come from here.
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Peritubular capillaries
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reabsorption at Tubule
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Peritubular capillaries
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reabsorption at LOOP
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Vasa recta
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same as the peritubular capillaries, but now in the medulla
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Vasa recta
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the two parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
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macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells
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regulates filtration. Increases/decreases filtration based on the concentration in the DCT.
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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cells of the DCT that sense urine concentration. Stimulate JC.
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Macula Densa
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around the afferent arteriole. Secrete Renin-->causes ADH and Aldosterone release.
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juxtaglomerular cells
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detect blood, and hence body abnormalities based on urine composition
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urinalysis
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based on diet, metabolism, and urine output.
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blood composition
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(____) maintain blood constancy.
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Kidneys
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Urine characteristics
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yellow color (Urochrome)
pH (acidic) odor (aromatic) |
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When does the urine characteristics change?
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food composition, bacteria, drugs, improper functioning.
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pigment that makes feces brown.
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Urobilinogen
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Urine constituents
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water, urea, Na, K, SO4, PO4 ions
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urine volume compared to water volume
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specific gravity
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specific gravity of water
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1.001
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specific gravity of urine
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greater than 1 b/c there is more solute, and is heavier.
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Abnormal constituents of urine
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Glucose, albumin, ketone bodies, RBCs, nitrites, Bile pigments, WBCs, Casts
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Diabetes Mellitus is the cause of?
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Glucose in the urine (glycosuria)
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Albumin in the urine can cause?
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Albuminuria (kidney trauma, poison ingestion)
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Ketone bodies (fat metobolism) in the urine can cause?
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ketonuria (low carbs/starvation)
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RBCs in the urine can cause?
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hematuria OR Hb...hemoglobinuria (kidney stones, infection, tumors, OR anemia renal disease)
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Nitrites in the urine are because of?
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Bacterial infections (E. coli)
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This is the appearance of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the
urine. |
Bile pigments... Bilirubinuria
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A urinary tract infection can cause?
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Pyruira...WBCs in the urine
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Casts are?
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hard cell fragments in the urine.
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Diabetes Mellitus can cause
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glucose to be in the urine...glycosuria
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kidney trauma, poison ingestion can cause?
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Albumin (blood protein) to be present in the urine...Albuminuria
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Low carbs/starvation can cause
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Ketonuria...ketone bodies (fat metabolism) present in the urine.
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Kidney stones, infection, tumors can cause
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hematuria...RBCs in the urine
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anemia, renal disease can cause?
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hemoglobinuria...Hb in the urine.
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Bacterial infections (E. coli) can cause?
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Nitrites to become present in the urine.
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the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles (all involved in gas exchange) are referred to collectively as the?
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respiratory zone structures
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Respiratory passageways (from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles) that serve as simply an access or exit route to and from the gas exchange chambers are called?
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conducting zone structures
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