- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does AFP stand for and when do you test for it?
|
Alpha Fetal protein.. Peaks at 12-14 weeks gestation
|
|
How is AFAFP produced ?
|
First by fetal yolk sac in small qty
then by fetal liver in large qty |
|
When can you test for MSAFP?
|
First detectable at 12 weeks
Peak at 25 weeks (250ng/ml) |
|
What are NTD?
|
Neural Tube defects
Can cause anecephaly (no brain) or Spina bifida Forms from the ectoderm |
|
How can one prevent NTD?
|
Taking folic acid before and while pregnant
|
|
In the Triple screen, what is Trisomy 18? Name the items tested.
|
All negative for AFP, UE3, HCG
|
|
In the triple screen, what is trisomy 21? name the items tested
|
only HCG is positive and UE3 and AFP are negative
|
|
In the triple screen, what is NTD? name the items tested
|
Only AFP is positive and UE# and HCG are negative
|
|
What are the factors that affect MSAFP?
|
Gestation age
Mothers age Maternal ethnicity Multiple fetuses Diabetes |
|
What happens when the neural tube is open?
|
AFP is higher than normal
|
|
What happens when the neural tube is closed?
|
AFP is normal.
|
|
When do you do the triple screen?
|
at 15-20 weeks gestation
|
|
What does the triple screen test for? Describe each one
|
AFP (MSAFP)
UE3 (Estrogen produced by fetus and placenta) HCG(Human chorionic gonadotropin... hormone produced within the placenta) |
|
What is the difference between a Triple screen and a quad screen?
|
quad screen tests everything from a triple screen plus Inhibin A
|
|
What is Inhibin A? And what does it help rule out ?
|
Protein produced by the placenta and ovaries.
Helps minimize error or false positive rates of down syndrome. |
|
What is the positive predictive value formula?
|
PPV= (prevalence X Sensitivity) / ((Prevalence X Sensitivity) + ((1-Prevelence) X (1-Specificity))
|
|
What is the formula for Sensitivity and Specificity?
|
Sensitivity= A/ (a+c)
Specificity= D/ (b+d) |
|
what are the types of spontaneous abortions?
|
Preclinical and Clinical
|
|
Describe a Preclinical Abortion?
|
First 7 weeks of pregnancy. 85-90% of all spontaneous abortions
|
|
Describe a Clinical Abortion
|
Over 7 weeks (7-12 weeks of pregnancy)
10-15% of spontaneous abortions After the first trimester, only about 2.4% result in abortion |
|
what are some fetal demise b/c of chromosomal abnormalities?
|
60% are trisomy 16
20% are monosomy X 15% are polyploidy |
|
What are some fetal demise etiologies?
|
Open Neural tube
Luteal phase defects ( no implantation) Maternal disease Infectious etiologies Immune etiologies environmental etiologies |
|
what is the term?
early abortion; no implantation or it only transients implantation occurs with the conceptus being cast off within the first two weeks |
Occult abortion
|
|
what is the term?
naturally occurs after fetal death. dead tissue is discarded and normal cycle begins |
spontaneous abortion
|
|
What is the term?
uterus does not expel all of the fetal tissue . must be removed to prevent infection |
missed abortion
|
|
In threatened abortion what percent of women experience spontaneous abortions?
|
50%
|
|
What is a Hydatidiform mole?
What is affected? |
A mole that is grape like mass
Chronic villi undergo a degenerative hydropic change (fluid filled) |
|
Describe a complete mole?
|
No recognizable fetus
Karyotype is 46, XX Sperm doubles inside an empty egg can become cancerous |
|
Describe an incomplete or partial mole
|
69,XXX or 69, XXY
often indicated by a threatened, incomplete or missed abortion Abnormally large placenta normal fetal development can occur if localized to the placenta |
|
what is Dead fetus syndrome
|
abnormal activation of blood clotting system in mother, that develops in response to the release of anti-clotting chemicals from the retained dead fetus
|
|
How early can you do a CVS ?
|
10-13 weeks
|
|
How early can you do a amniocetesis
|
10-14 weeks
|
|
When can you do a standard amniocentesis?
|
15 weeks to term
|
|
When can you do additional screenings like MSAFP and additional markers
|
15-21 weeks
|
|
When can you do a targeted ultrasound
|
18 weeks to term
|
|
When can you do PUBS
|
18 weeks to term
|
|
what are some indicators on when to use amniocentesis
|
Advanced maternal age
Positive family history High or Low maternal serum AFP Any time when an abnormality is suspected on clinical grounds. |
|
What are some indicators for prenatal testing
|
Advanced maternal age
One parent carries a chromosome rearrangement High or low maternal serum AFP Fetal abnormality detected by ultrasound Family history of spontaneous abortoins Ethic origin |
|
How many colony forming units are there for certain weeks of gestation?
|
12-14 WKS--------2 Colony forming units (CFU)/ ML
16-18 WKS--------5 CFU / ML 24-32 WKS ------1.5 CFU / ML |
|
When is the first ultrasound performed? and why
|
7 weeks
confirms pregnancy, excludes ectopic or molar pregnancies. Confirms heart beat. |
|
When is the second ultrasound performed? and why
|
14-20 weeks
Scans for congenital malformation, excludes multiple pregnancies |
|
When is the last ultrasound performed? and why
|
34 weeks
used to evaluate fetal size and asses fetal length |
|
What can determine fetal age
|
Measure crown-rump length(CRL)
Biparietal diameter (BPD) Femur length (FL) Abdominal circumference (AC) |
|
What is nuchal translucency
|
a technique for using ultrasound to measure fluid behind the neck of the fetus to diagnose for down syndrome
|
