Principles of Nutrition Chapter 11

all naturally occurring compounds with the biological activity of retinol, the alcohol form of this vitamin

one of the carotenoids; an orange pigment and vitamin A precursor found in plants

chemically related compounds with biological activity similar to that of retinol; metabolites of retinol

pigments commonly found in plants and animals, some of which have vitamin A activity; the one with the greatest vitamin A activity is beta-carotene

a term referring to both the active forms of vitamin A and the precursor forms in foods without distinguishing between them

the specific protein responsible for transporting retinol

the transparent membrane covering the outside of the eye

the layer of light-sensitive nerve cells lining the back fo the inside of the eye, consists of rods and cones

a molecule capable of absorbing certain wavelengths of light so that it reflects only those that we perceive as a certain color

a light-sensitive pigment of the retina; contains the retinal form of vitamin A and the protein opsin

the protein portion of the visual pigment molecule

the process by which immature cells develop specific functions different form those of the original that are characteristic of their mature cell type

cells on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes

the layer of the body that serves as a selective barrier between the body's interior and the environment. Examples are the cornea of the eyes, the skin, the respirator lining of the lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract.

the membranes composed of mucus-secreting cells, that line the surface of body tissues

the dismantling and reformation of a structure, in this case, bone

slow recover of vision after flashes of bright light at night or an inability to see in dim light; and early symptom of vitamin A deficiency

progressive blindness causes by severe vitamin A deficiency

abnormal drying of the skin and mucous membranes; a sign of vitamin A deficiency

softening of the cornea that leads to irreversible blindness; seen in severe vitamin A deficiency

a water-insoluble protein, the normal protein of hair and nails

accumulation of keratin in a tissue; a sign of vitamin A deficiency

dietary vitamin A in its active form

causing abnormal fetal development and birth defects

a chronic inflammation of the skin's follicles and oil-producing glands, which leads to an accumulation of oils inside the ducts that surround hairs; usually associated with the maturation of young adults

a measure of vitamin A activity; the amount of retinal that the body will derive from a food containing preformed retinol or its precursor beta-carotene

the green pigment of plans, which absorbs light and transfers the energy to other molecules, thereby initiation photosyntheses

pigments found in plans; responsible for the color changes seen in autumn leaves

the vitamin D deficiency disease in children characterized by inadequate mineralization of bone (manifested in bowed legs or knock-knees, outward-bowed chest, and knobs on ribs). A rare type of this disease not caused by vitamin D deficiency is known as vitamin D-refractory rickets.

a bone disease characterized by softening of bones. Symptoms include bending of the spine and bowing of the legs. The disease occurs most often in adult women.

a general term for several chemically related compounds, one of which has Vitamin E activity

the active vitamin E compound

the breaking open of red bloods cells; a symptom of vitamin E deficiency disease in human beings

the condition of having too few red blood cells as a result of erthrocyte hemolysis

a hereditary disease in which the muscles gradually weaken, it most debilitating effects arise in the lungs

a harmless condition in which the breasts develop lumps, sometimes associated with caffeine consumption. In some cases, it responds to abstinence from caffeine, in others it can be treated with vitamin E

severe calf pain caused by inadequate blood supply, it occurs when walking and subside during rest

a disease characterized by excessive bleeding

a hereditary disease in which the blood is unable to clot because it lacks the ability to synthesize certain clotting factors

free of microorganisms, such as bacteria

unstable and highly reactive atoms or molecules that have one or more unpaired electrons in the outer orbital

compounds (such as oxygen itself) that oxidize other compounds.

compounds that prevent oxidation

compounds that promote oxidation, significantly induce oxidative stress

substances typically found in foods that significantly decrease the adverse effects of free radicals on normal functions in the body

compounds in foods that do not fit into the six classes of nutrients

are nonnutrient compounds found in plant-derived foods that have biological activity in the body

a condition in which the production of oxidants and free radicals exceed the body's ability to handle them and prevent damage

-Vision
-maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin
-bone and tooth growth
-reproduction
-immunity

Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver

Hypovitaminosis A
-night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot's spots), softening of the cornea, and corneal degeneration and blindness
-impaired immunity
-plugging of hair follicles with keratin, forming white lumps

-increased activity of osteoclasts causing bone density
-liver abnormalities
-birth defects
-blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo
-increase of pressure inside the skull, mimicking brain tumor
-headaches
-muscle incoordination

mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absoption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)

synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight
-fortified milk, margarine, butter, juices, cereals, and chocolate mixes
-veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish (herring, salmon, sardines) and their oils

1) Rickets in Children
-inadequate calcification, resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of legs)
-enlargement of ends of long bones (knees, wrists)
-deformities of ribs (bowed, with bead or knobs)
-delayed closing of fontanel, resulting in rapid enlargement of head
-lax muscles resulting in protrusion of abdomen
-muscle spasms
2) Osteomalacia or Osteoporosis in Adults
-loss of calcium, resulting in soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones
-progressive weakness
-pain in pelvis, lower back and legs

-elevated blood calcium
-calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints)

antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and vitamin A

-polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressings, shortenings)
-leafy green vegetables
-wheat germ, whole grains
-liver
-egg yolks
-nuts, seeds
-fatty meats

red blood cell breakage
nerve damage

augments the effects of anticlotting medication

synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins

-bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract
-liver
-leafy green vegetables
-cabbage type vegetables
-milk

hemorrhaging

none known