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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Photosynthesis
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the process by which green plants use the sun's energy to make carbohydrates form carbon dioxide and water
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Fuel
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Compounds that cells can use for energy. Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids make up the majority of these; others include ketone bodies, lactate, glycerol, and alcohol
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Metabolism
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The sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells.
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Energy Metabolism
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All the reactions by which the body obtains and expends the energy from food.
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Anabolism
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reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones; they require energy
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Catabolism
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reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones; these reactions release energy
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ATP
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Adenosine triphosphate
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Adenosine triphosphate
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ATP - high energy compound composed of a purine (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups
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Coupled Reactions
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Pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compounds is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound
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Coenzymes
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Complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzymes' activity; they have B vitamins as part of their structures
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Pyruvate
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a 3-carbon compound that plays a key role in energy metabolism
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Acetyl CoA
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a 2-carbon compound to which a molecule of CoA is attached
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CoA
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the coenzyme derived from the B vitamin pantothenic acid and central to energy metabolism
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TCA cycle (full name)
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Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
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TCA cycle
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a series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms
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Another name for the TCA cycle
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Kreb's cycle, named for the biochemist who elucidated its reactions
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Electron transport chain
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the final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP
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Glycolysis
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the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate; it does not require oxygen
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Anaerobic
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not requiring oxygen
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aerobic
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requiring oxygen
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Mitochondria
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the cellular organelles responsible for producing ATP; made of membranes (lipid and protein) with enzymes mounted on them
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Lactate
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a 3-carbon compound produced from pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism
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Cori Cycle
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the path from muscle glycogen to glucose to pyruvate to lactate (which travels to the lvier) to glucose (which can travel back to the muscle) to glycogen; named after the scientist who elucidated this pathway
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Fatty Acid Oxidation
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the metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to acetyle CoA; also called beta oxidation
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Beta oxidation
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same as Fatty Acid Oxidation
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Keto Acid
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an organic acid that contains a carbonyl group (C=O)
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Ammonia
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a compound with the chemical formula NH3; produced during the deamination of amino acids
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Transamination
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the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid, producing a new nonessential amino acid and a new keto acid
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Urea
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the principle nitrogen-excretion product of protein metabolism, two ammonia fragments are combines with carbon dioxide to form urea
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Oxaloacetate
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a carbohydrate intermediate of the TCA cycle
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What is the net ATP produced from glycolysis?
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2 ATP
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What is glucose converted to in aerobic glycolysis?
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1 Glucose generates 2 Pyruvate and 2 ATP
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What is glucose converted to in anaerobic glycolysis?
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1 Glucose generates 2 Lactate and 2 ATP
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Where does the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyle CoA occur?
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Mitochrondria
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Pyruvate may follow several reversible path, but which path is not reversible?
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Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
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What is the end result of glucose?
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Glucose yields 2 pyruvate which yield 2 CO2 and 2 Acetyl CoA
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What anabolic reaction nets glycogen?
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Glucose + Glucose
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What anabolic reaction nets Triglycerides?
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Glycerol + Fatty Acids
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What anabolic reaction nets Protein?
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Amino acids + Amino acids
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What catabolic reaction starts with glycogen?
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glucose + ATP
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What catabolic reaction starts with triglycerides?
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glycertol + ATP and Fatty Acids + ATP
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What catabolic reaction starts with protein?
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amino acids + ATP
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With each turn of the Kreb's Cycle, what is the result?
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2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) are produced each turn of the cycle
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What is another name for the Kreb's Cycle?
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TCA cycle or Citric Acid Cycle
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What compound starts the TCA cycle?
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oxaloacetate
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What is oxaloacetate primarily made of?
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pyruvate
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Where is the primary site of ATP synthesis?
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Electron Transport Chain
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How many ATP are produced from 1 molecule of glucose through the electron transport chain?
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32 ATP
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What are the results of the electron transport chain?
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O2 is consumed, H2O and CO2 are produced and energy is captured in ATP
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What is the source of pyruvate?
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Glucose
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What are 2 causes of ketogenesis?
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low carbohydrate intake or insufficient insulin
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What is the product of incomplete fatty acid oxidation?
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ketones
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Acetyl CoA can be derived from what?
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pruvate, fatty acids, or amino acids (via ketogenic)
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Pyruvate can be derived from what?
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Glucose, Lactate, or Amino Acids (glucogenic)
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What is the end result of the amino group during deamination?
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converted to urea and excreted
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Glucogenic
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Amino Acids that can be used to produce glucose
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Ketogenic
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Amino Acids that can be used to produce acetyl CoA
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Explain urea excretion from amino acids to urine
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The liver contains all the enzymes necessary to convert amino acids to ammonia +CO2 to form urea. Urea is excreted through the kidneys in the urine.
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What compound is at the center of all metabolism pathways?
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Acetyl CoA
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Name the 2 pathways alcohol metabolism may take
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Alcohol dehydrogenase pathway or MEOS pathway
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When consumption of alcohol is low, which metabolism pathway is used?
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alcohol dehydrogenase pathway
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When consumption of alcohol is high, which metabolism pathway is used?
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MEOS
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What are the steps of the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway?
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Ethanol to acetaldehyde to acetate to Acetyl CoA
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What does MEOS stand for?
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Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System
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Where does MEOS take place?
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in the cytosol of the cell
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What can Acetyl CoA be used to make?
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Fatty Acid or broke down into CO2 and H2O
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Does the MEOS pathway use or create ATP?
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uses ATP
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