PRNU 103-Ch.16-Infection Prevention and Control

Infection
- ___ is entry into the body of an infectious agent (microorganism) that then multiplies and causes tissue damage
- ___ are microorganisms capable of causing disease
- some microorganisms produce ___ and others release ___
- infection may result in ___ and ___

Endotoxins
- found in the cell ___ of gram ___ bacteria
- are released when the cell ___
- they stimulate ___, ___, ___, and ___

Identify 7 practices and/or invasive procedures that make the patient susceptible to nosocomial infections

Infection
- a ___ infection is in a body part
- a ___ infection involves the whole body

Multi Drug Resistant Organisms (MDRO's)
- these organisms can resist the effects of ___
- MDRO's are caused by ___ and ___
- 2 common types of MDRO's are ___ and ___

Prions
- ___ particles that lack ___ and are not inactivated by usual procedures for destroying viruses
- do not trigger an ___
- causes degenerative ___ disease such as varient ___ disease

Immune Response
- a ___ of the body to substances interpreted as ___
- the immune system is ___ to the type of invador
- the body will produce ___ once it is exposed to a microorganism, in this way, ___ immunity occurs
- as microorganism is known as a ___

Immunity
- ___ : once exposed to a microorganism the body will produce antibodies against the invader (ex: normal body reation)
- ___ : occurs when a person is given an antitoxin or antiserum containing antibodies or antitoxins that protects the person from the current invasion; temporary protection w/ antibodies that will decrease over time (ex: tetanus antitoxin)
- ___ : occurs when the fetus receives antibodies from the mother through placental blood before birth, can also be acquired through breast feeding
- ___ : is achieved through injection of vaccines; immunizations (ex: shots for flu, polio, Hep B)
- ___ : is provided by an injection with antibodies derived from the infected blood of people or animals. (ex: serum immune globulin for Hep A or mumps)

Viruses
- extremely small, seen only with a ___ microscope
- composed of particles of nucleic acid, either ___ or ___, with a ___ coat
- only grow and replicate within a ___; survival and replication depend on ___

Viruses
- are ___
- cannot obtain ___, rid their ___, or ___ without a host cell
- the ___ can dry and protect the a virus for years
- 3 examples of old and new viruses

Protozoa
- is a ___ ___ organism belonging to the animal kingdom
- protozoa are ___
~ Examples
- Plasmodium species causes ___
- Entamoeba histolytica causes ___
- other strains are capable of causing ___

Rickettsia
- small ___ or ___ shaped organisms
- rickettsia is a ___
- are transmitted by the bites of ___, ___, and ___ that act as ___
- can multiply only in ___
- causes diseases such as ___ and ___
~ has features of both ___ and ___
- reproduces ___
- uses the host cell for ___, ___, ___, and ___
- resistant to ___ and ___

Fungi
- tiny primitive organisms of the ___ kingdom that contain no ___
- include ___ and ___
- feed off of ___ and ___
- reproduce by the use of ___
- 2 common fungal infections are ___ and ___
- 4 other disorders or infections caused by fungi
- fungal infections in humans are called ___
- fungal infections are common in patients with ___, specifically Pneumocystis jiroveci
- when the balance of normal flora is altered by ___, a fungal infection may occur

Helminths
- are parasitic ___ or ___
- belong to the ___ kingdom
- ___, which mostly affect children, are the most common helminths worldwide
- ___ and ___ are other types of helminths
- are transmitted by ingesting ___ or by ___ penetrating through skin/mucous membranes
- helminths cause ___ and ___

Mycoplasmas
- very small organisms without a ___
- cause infections of the ___ or ___ tract
- example

Chlamydia
- affects the ___ and ___ tracts
- in countries where hygine is poor, Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for ___, an eye disease that can cause blindness
- in the US, Chlamydia trachomatis causes a sinificant amount of ___ in individuals

Process of Infection
- an infectious disease is spread from one person to another through means of a continuous ___
- chain of infection is affected by the ___ of the pathogen
- each chain lonk must be present in its ___ for the chain to remain intact and for the infection to be passed on to someone else

Causative Agent- Link 1
- is any microorganism or biologic agent capable of ___
- pathogenic microorganisims must be ___ or rendered ___ in order to remove this link from the chain
- ___ and ___ are methods used to destroy pathogens
- the most effective means for destroying viruses is through the use of a ___

Reservoir- Link 2
- are places where ___ are found
- precautions used to prevent the spread of infection are ___ and ___
- a good example of a a reservoir is the ___
- spaces such as ___, ___, and ___ could also serve as a reservoir
- conditions such as ___, ___, and ___ make reservoirs conducive to pathogens

Portal of Exit- Link 3
- is the ___ by which the pathogens ___
- portal-of-exit transmission can be interrupted by ___ and ___ patients who are infected with pathogens
- ___ and ___ that include the proper handling and disposal of secretions, urine and feces, can prevent transfer of pathogens
- ____ are based on interrupting the mode of transmission by identifying specific secretions, body fluids, tissues, or excretions that might be infective
- the ___ is a good example of an exit (give ex)

Modes of Transfer- Link 4
- 5 modes of transfer
- 4 examples of daily exposure to a patient's blood

Portal of Entry- Link 5
- enter the body through 6 ways

Susceptible Host- Link 6
- susceptibility can be decreased by teaching ___ and ___
- susceptable hosts can be protected by using ___, ___ and ___

Body Defenses Against Infection
- ___ is the first line of defense against infection
- ___, which line the respiratory tract, trap microorganisms and debris and propel them up an dout of the body with a wavelike action
- the ___ in the liver destroy bacteria that have found their way into the portal circulation
- ___ such as HCl acid easliy destroy ingested pathogens

Body Defenses Against Infection
- ___ is the first line of defense against infection
- ___, which line the respiratory tract, trap microorganisms and debris and propel them up an dout of the body with a wavelike action
- the ___ in the liver destroy bacteria that have found their way into the portal circulation
- ___ such as HCl acid easliy destroy ingested pathogens

Second Line of Defense
- the body automatically ___ in response to an infection
- difference between a viral and bacterial infection

Inflammatory Response
- is a localized protective response brought on by ___ or ___
- histamine and serotonin affect the inflammatory response by ___
- pus is ___

Immune Response
- ___ is the body's deliberate production of antibodies or lymphocytes to target specific antigens
- ___ is temporary protection with antibodies that will decrease over time
-

Medical Asepsis
- reducing the ___ or reducing the risk for ___
- used to remove ___
- is referred to as a ___

Surgical Asepsis
- is the practice of ___ and ___ materials in such a way that prevents the ___ exposure to living microorganisms
- surgical asepsis is referred to as ___

Gloves
- hand hygiene is performed ___ and ___, because no gloves are 100% protective
- gloves are never to be ___ or ___

Latex Allergy
- may cause ___, local ___, and ___ of the hands, and ___
- ___, ___, and ___ are at risk for developing a latex allergy

Disposals of Sharps
- sharp containers should be replaced when they are ___

Contaminated Waste
- must be disposed of in sealed, impermeable, plastic bags marked ___ or ___
- contaminated linens should be handled in a ___ unless all linen in hospital facility is treated as a contaminated ___

Disinfection
- helps eliminate ___ organisms after cleaning
- disinfectant is ___ to the skin
- before disinfection, items must be ___
- disinfection relates to ___ and ___, while antiseptic relates to ___ and ___
- ___ is a solution that destroys bacteria
- ___ is a solution that prevents the growth and reproduction of some bacteria

Sterilization
- is the best method of ___ from equiptment and supplies
- ___ is the method used if materials are susceptible to heat damage

Asepsis in the Home Environment
- exposing bedding and other items the patient uses that can not be disinfected to ___ may reduce the number of microorganisms on them

Infection Control Surveillance
- ___ is responsible for ensuring infection prevention and control measures are followed