Prohaska - Hemostasis (Blood Coagulation)

________ activation is the process initiating clot formation and clot lysis as well as producing the _________ bradykinin

Hemostasis (cessation of bleeding) involves: vasoconstriction
________ aggregation
_____ _____ (fibrin) formation

Disc-shaped cells lacking nuclei but containing mitochondria. arise from megakaryocytes in bone marrow, half life __ days.
1/20 the number of RBC's

Surface of platelets have glycoprotein receptors:
GpIa function
GpIb function
GpIIb/IIIa function

thromboxane A2 (from arachidonic acid) and serotonin (from granules) functions in blood coagulation

Platelets contain _______ with several blood clotting __________:
Fibrinogen, ADP, vasoconstrictors

Platelets contain _____ and _________ to help shape change in response to ADP and thrombin (discs, spheres)

thromboxane A2 is involved in 2 major steps of coagulation, what are they?

ADP and thromboxane A2 are both involved in what function?

Thromboxane A2 is formed through what Eiconsanoid pathway?
_________ exactly imposes the action of Thromboxane, yet they are both formed through the same intermediate (PGH2)

Aspirin and all NSAIDS prevent blood clots by targeting what?

2 things opposing platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

surface protein which binds thrombin and this complex activates protein C and protein S (critical steps in control of clotting)

vWf forms a noncovalent complex with antihemophilic factor (VIII). This complex _________ clotting

Glycoprotein involved in platelet plug formation by enhancing binding of platelets to collagen via GpIb. Mobilized to surface when endothelium is injured.

Making thrombin (IIa) is the key of clotting - strong catalyst so once you make thrombin it just goes from there. To get Prothrombin to thrombin you need:

One way to prevent clotting would be a _______ binding agent, since this molecule is a catalyst in taking:
Prothrombin (II) to Thrombin (IIa) and
Fibrin (Ia) to clot fibrin polymer (crosslinked)

_______ (a serine endopeptidase) removes acidic fibrinopeptides A and B (glu, asp, tyrosine sulfate residues) from Aalpha and Bbeta chains near the disulfide knot on fibrinogen.

After fibrinogen has been cleaved, it forma a three-dimensional lattice with a half-staggered array because the central and terminal globular units are now attracted to one another. This requires ______ and _______. This is the soft clot.

In order to make the soft clot hard, there must be cross-linking of interchain glutamine and lysine residues forming an amide (peptide) bond. This is catalyzed by factor ___

Prothrombin contains gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (gla) residues. Gla residues are important for binding ___. They are made posttranslationally in a reaction that depends on _________.

Factors VII, IX, X and Protein C also contain ___ residues and thus depend on Ca2+ for activation

Which factors does thrombin, the key hydrolytic catalyst, onvert to their active forms?
Also fibrinogen to fibrin

The extrinsic pathway of converting X to Xa requires what elements?

Components of the intrinsic pathway:
3 endopeptidases: Factors ___, ___, and ___
a modifier protein (___/___)
platelet phospholipids
___ (element)

What are serpins?

_______ (more abundant than prothrombin) inactivates by binding to thrombin (IIa)

Reactivity of Antithrombin III (anti-clotting factor) is greatly enhanced by ________ which is sulfated heteropolysaccharide released from Mast cells and on surface of endothelial cells

Protein C forms a complex with Protein S that inactivates __ and ___ by hydrolysis

_____ inhibits the extrinsic pathway by binding to both Xa and VIIa.

Found on endothelial cells, alters thrombin so that protein C is activated, binding of thrombin caused by this receptor limits clotting activity

At the same time you start making clotting factors you also start clot lysis because they both involve which factor?

Critical step in clot lysis?

Functions of ?
-Blood clotting Factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C, and protein S
-Osteocalcin or bone gla protein (mobilization of Ca2+ from bone)
-Nephrocalcin (Ca2+ resorption, perhaps)
-Gas6 – cellular growth regulation

2 situations where you get Vit K deficiency:
______ – chronic diarrhea, fat in the stool, etc…
Long term use of ________. What we derive from digestive tract is made by bacterial flora (make Vit K1)

Why are newborns given vitamin K,?

green leafy vegetables, peas, tomatoes, cauliflower, cereals

Sources of ??

Vitamin K deficiency causes what symptoms?

2 antagonists of Vitamin K whose functions are:
Prevent reduction of epoxide to vitamin
Used to prevent blood clots