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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kingdom Protista
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unicellular or simple multicellular organisms
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Protozoa
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unicellular animal-like heterotrophic protists including amoebas, cilliates and flagellates
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Metazoa
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multicellular animals of the Kingdom Animalia
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saprozoic
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feeding on decaying or dead matter
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holozoic
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feeding on living bacteria or other Protists
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Protozoa division is by a process of fission. The three types are:
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Binary fission
Bidding Schizogony |
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True or False
Protozoa reproduce sexually. |
True, but protozoa reproduce both sexually & asexually. The asexual form is more common
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True or False
Most protozoa are free-living organisms |
True, but many are important parasites as well
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Binary fission
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division which produces two equal sized daughter cells
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Budding
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division which produces unequal daughter cells
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Schizogony
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division by multiple fission which produces numerous daughter cells
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Encystment
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cysts are used to survive adverse conditions or life cycle
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Phylum Flagellata
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mostly commensal or parasitic (holozoic or saprozoic) protozoa which have one or more flagella at some stage. some are free-living
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Trypanosomes [Discicristates]
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protozoa distinguished by having only a single anterior flagella
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Trypanosomes are ____ parasites in Vertebrates and ___ parasites in Invertebrates
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blood; gut
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The single anterior flagellum of a trypanosome...
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runs along the cell and raises the pellicle into an undulating membrane
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Pellicle
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a thin layer supporting the cell membrane in trypanosomes; associated with flagella
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Trypanosomes have a _____ phase in the life cycle
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Amoeboid (amastigote)
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Kinetoplast
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DNA-containing organelle located near the basal body which is part of the mitochondrial system in trypanosomes
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Trypanosomiasis
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African Sleeping Sickness caused by one of two trypanosome parasites
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The two species involved in African Sleeping Sickness are:
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Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (west & central) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (east and central)
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Tsetse fly (Glossina)
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the intermediate host or vector for trypanosomiasis; a large bodied fly related to the hose fly (Muscidae)
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Two significant natural groups of Tsetse flies:
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both groups breed in forest regions
Palpalis group - found (feed) in riverine forests Morsitans group - found (feed) in dry savanna woodland |
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Insecticide used to control Tsetse fly populations
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Organochlorines like DDT and dieldrin; synthetic pyrethroids
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How does the trypanosome infect a human?
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Tsetse fly with infected salivary glands will transfer the parasite upon biting a human. The trypanosomes will then spread to the lymph nodes and blood stream followed by the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.
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Symptoms of African Sleeping Sickness
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lethargy, coma and eventual death
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T. b. gambiense
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causes a chronic disease which may last several years
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T. b. rhodesiense
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rapid toxicity of the blood stages
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Effective treatment at early stages of infection of African Sleeping Sickness
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Chemotherapy [Suramin]
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American Trypanosomiasis - Trypanosoma cruzi
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Chagas disease in which the vector is a "kissing" bug of the genus Triatoma or Rhodinus
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Chagas disease is transmitted through...
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the big faeces or may enter the blood via the conjunctiva of the eye
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Symptoms of Chagas disease
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may manifest by a swollen eye at the site of infection then migrate to the muscle (slowly destroyed) and lymph nodes; toxins released cause fever
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Chagas disease treatment
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there is no effective treatment for the chronic infections; especially if the heart muscle is attacked
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Assassin Bugs - Reduviidae family
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bugs associated with chagas disease; are Hemipterous insects which prey on other insects
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two species of assassin bugs which carry trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease)
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Triatoma infestans & Rhodnius prolixus
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name several flagellates which live symbiotically in humans
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Giardia lamblia, Trichomonads
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Giardia lamblia
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flagellate with comical face-like appearance due to bilateral symmetry (2 nuclei, 8 flagella); axostyle structure; infection results from fecal contamination; weakly pathogenic (asymptomatic) cysts are produced in the upper small intestine
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Giardiasis
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disease causes by Giardia lamblia which cause mostly gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting and cramps)
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Trichomonads
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pear-shaped flagellate (3-5) found in the intestinal and reproductive tract of vertebrates; no cysts are produced; have an axostyle; transmission is by living cells
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Trichomonas tenax
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Trichomonads which is harmless in the mouth
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Trichomonas hominis
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Trichomonads which is harmless in the gut
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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found in the genitourinary tract of both sexes (vagina, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate); venereal disease which may cause vaginitis & uretritis
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