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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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memory
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The capacity to preserve and recover information.
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encoding
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The processes that determine and control how memories are formed.
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storage
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The processes that determine and control how memories are stored and kept over time.
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retrieval
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The processes that determine and control how memories are recovered and translated into performance.
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sensory memory
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An exact replica of an environmental message, which usually lasts for a second or less.
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short-term memory
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A limited-capacity system that we use to hold information after it has been analyzed for periods lasting less than a minute or two.
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iconic memory
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The system that produces and stores visual sensory memories.
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echoic memory
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The system that produces and stores auditory sensory memories.
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rehearsal
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A strategic process that helps to maintain short-term memories indefinitely through the use of internal repetition.
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memory span
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The number of items that can be recalled from short-term memory in their proper presentation order on half of the tested memory trials.
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chunking
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A short-term memory strategy that involves rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns.
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long-term memory
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The system used to maintain information for extended periods of time.
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episodic memory
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A memory for a particular event, or episode, that happened to you personally.
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semantic memory
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Knowledge about the world, stored as facts that make little or no reference to one's personal experiences.
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procedural memory
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Knowledge about how to do things, such as riding a bike.
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elaboration
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An encoding process that involves the formation of connections between to-be-remembered input and other information in memory.
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distinctiveness
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refers to how unique or different a memory record is from other things in memory. Distinctive memory records tend to be recalled well.
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visual imagery
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The processes used to construct an internal visual image.
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distributed practice
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Spacing the repetitions of to-be-remembered information over time.
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primary effect
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The better memory of items near the beginning of a memorized list.
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recency effect
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The better memory of items near the end of a memorized list.
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mnemonic devices
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Special mental tricks that help people think about material in ways that improve later memory. most mnemonic devices require the use of visual imagery.
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method of loci
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A mnemonic device in which you chose some pathway, such as moving through the rooms in your house, and then form visual images of the to-be-remembered items sitting in locations along the pathway.
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peg-word method
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A mnemonic device in which you form visual images connecting to-be-remembered items with retrieval cues, or pegs.
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flashbulb memories
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Rich memories records of the circumstances surrounding emotionally significant and surprising events.
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free recall
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A testing condition in which a person is asked to remember information without explicit retrieval cues.
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cued recall
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A testing condition in which people are given an explicit retrieval cue to help them remember.
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transfer-appropriate processing
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The idea that the likelihood of correct retrieval is increased if a person uses the same kind of mental processes during testing that he used during encoding.
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schema
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An organized knowledge structure in long-term memory.
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implicit memory
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Remembering that occurs in the absence of conscious awareness or willful intent.
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explicit memory
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Conscious, willful remembering.
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forgetting
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The loss of accessibility to previously stored material.
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decay
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The proposal that memories are forgotten or lost spontaneously with the passage of time.
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retroactive interference
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A process in which the formation of new memories hurts the recovery of old memories.
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proactive interference
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A process in which old memories interfere with the establishment and recovery of new memories.
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repression
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A defense mechanism that individuals use, unknowingly, to push threatening thoughts, memories, and feelings out of conscious awareness.
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amnesia
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Forgetting that is caused by physical problems in the brain, such as those induced by injury or disease.
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retrograde amnesia
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Memory loss for events that happened prior to the point of brain injury.
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anterograde amnesia
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Memory loss for events that happen after the point of physical injury.
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