Psyc 370 test 3

induction of the neural plate, neural proliferation, migration and aggregation, axon growth and synapse formation, neuron death and synapse rearrangement

small patch of ectodermal tissue on the dorsal surface of the developing embryo

area which underlies the ectoderm, induces it to develop through chemical signals

having the ability to develop into any type of cell

having the ability to mature into most types of nervous system cells, but not any cell

cells of the neural plate; have unlimited capacity for self-renewal, have the ability to develop into different types of mature cells

formed when the neural plate folds, then fuses; eventually becomes the cerebral ventricles and spinal canal

occurs primarily in the ventricular zone, controlled by chemical signals from the floor plate and roof plate

area adjacent to the ventricle

newly created immature cells move from the area of their creation to their target location

proceeds from the ventricular zone in a straight line outward toward the outward toward the outer wall of the tube

occurs parallel to the tube's walls

method of movement in which an extension grows from the cell in the direction of migration, then pulls the rest of the cell body along

movement making use of radial glial cells, most often during the peak of neural proliferation

temporary network of glial cells which facilitates the movement of other cells

radial pattern of cortical development; each new layer of cells must pass through the previously build one to the target location

structure situated dorsal to the neural tube, formed from cells which break off from the neural tube as it is being formed; develops into neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system

process of cell alignment which forms the structures of the nervous system

mediate migration and aggregation, found on the surface of neurons and other cells

structure at t he tip of each axon or dendrite which searches for the correct axon route

axonal development is caused because the postsynaptic surface releases chemicals which attract the growth cone of the correct neuron

first growth cones to travel along a particular route, guided by certain molecules; subsequent growth cones follow this trail

the tendency for developing axons to develop along the paths which preceding cones have taken

the formation of new synapses; must be coordinated between the cells; depends on astrocytes for cholesterol

promote the growth and survival of neurons, guide axons, stimulate synaptogenesis

passive cell death; causes inflammation because the ruptured cell's parts are released into the intracellular matrix

active cell death; healthier because the cell's contents are not released; genetic problems with apoptosis can cause degenerative diseases or cancer

the tendency to continue making formerly correct responses when it is currently incorrect

those which are necessary for information and genetic programs to e manifested

those that contribute to the direction of development

the time when an experience is absolutely essential for development

the interval when experience has a great effect on development; much more common than critical periods

neurological disorder usually apparent by age 3, with little increase in severity after that age; reduced ability to interpret emotions and intentions of others, reduced capacity for social interaction and communication, preoccupation with a single subject or activity

neurodevelopmental disorder caused by genetic defects; characterized by mental retardation with good verbal and musical skills, impairment of spatial cognition

mass of cells which grows independently of the rest of the body

20% of human brain tumors, grow in between the meninges

tumors which grow within a membrane, usually benign, influence brain function through pressure

those which grow diffusely through surrounding tissue, subsequently difficult to remove

sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorder which causes brain damage

area surrounding the dying tissue produced by a stroke

tissue surrounding the infarct, which may recover or die; the main focus of treatment after a stroke

bleeding in the brain, occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts

pathological dilation that forms in the wall of an artery due to defective elasticity; may be congenital or caused by vascular poison or infection

disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain

a plug, called a thrombus, blocks blood flow at the site of its formation; thrombus itself may be a clot, fat, oil, air, tumor cells

an embolus (plug) is carried from the location of its formation to a small artery, which it then blocks

the walls of the blood vessels thicken and the channels narrow because of fat deposits

excitatory neurotransmitter associated with brain damage resulting from stroke

closed-head injury involving damage to the cerebral circulatory system

localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue (bruise)

disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head, but with no evidence of contusion or structural damage; damage can build up over time

dementia and cerebral scarring observed in individuals who experience repeated concussions

general intellectual deterioration

inflammation of the meninges caused by bacterial infection

syndrome of insanity and dementia resulting from a bacterial infection

inflammation of the brain caused by either a bacterial or viral infection

chronic insanity produced by a neurotoxin, ex heavy metals

motor disorder characterized by involuntary shaking and mouth movements; caused by early antipsychotics

genetic disorder, trisomy 21; retarded intellectual development, serious medical complications

disorder characterized by seizures caused by brain dysfunction; can be caused by any type of head injury or many different genetic defects

changes experienced just prior to a convulsion, may take many different forms

does not involve the entire brain

symptoms are primarily sensory or motor, or both

often restricted to the temporal lobes, involve compulsive, repetitive simple behaviors called automatisms

involve the entire brain, may begin as a focal discharge and gradually spread, or occur simultaneously throughout the brain

involves loss of consciousness, loss of equilibrium,and convulsions

shortage of oxygen to tissue; can be caused by seizures and may result in brain damage

disruption of consciousness, sometimes fluttering eyelids; most common in children and often go undiagnosed

movement disorder in the elderly, more prevalent in males; tremor during inactivity, but not during movement or sleep; often involves cognitive defects; no clear cause, associated with widespread degeneration, especially of the substantia nigra, and lack of dopamine

clumps of proteins which are found in the neurons of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's patients

L-Dopa, deep brain stimulation

progressive motor disorder of middle age, eventually results in complete motor and intellectual deterioration; mutated gene known as huntingtin produces deformed huntingtin protein which keeps cells from apoptotic death; neural death is mostly in the striatum and cerebral cortex

progressive disease which attacks the myelin of axons in the CNS and causes the development of scar tissue, usually manifests in early adulthood; variety of symptoms because can it affect any area

most common cause of dementia, begins with memory problems, confusion, irritability, eventually complete deterioration; defined by neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques

protein found in amyloid plaques, present only in small amounts in normal brains, toxic to neurons

degeneration of the distal segment of an axon--between the cut and the synaptic terminal

degeneration of the proximal segment of an axon--between the cut and the cell body

degeneration spreads from the damaged neuron to those to which it is linked by synapses; anterograde or retrograde transneural degeneration

regrowth of damaged neurons; does not proceed as successfully in mammals as in lower vertebrates

myelinate PNS axons, promote regeneration by producing neurotropic actors and cell-adhesion molecules

myelinate CNS axons, release factors which block regeneration

healthy axons adjacent to one which has degenerated branch out to the newly vacated synapses

blocks degeneration of damaged neurons

changes in the brain caused by experiences

storing and reactivating of changes caused by experiences

pathological loss of memory

amnesia for events preceding brain damage

amnesia for information presented to any sensory modality

amnesia for events after brain damage

the transfer of memories from short-term to long-term storage

conscious memories

memories expressed by improvement in performance but not associated with conscious awareness

profile of memory deficits but pervasive intellectual functioning and medial temporal lobe damage

explicit memories or facts or information

explicit memories for particular events or experiences

caused by thiamine deficiency, often found in alcoholics; results in diffuse damage to the thalamus, hypothalamus, neocortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum

amnesia following a nonpenetrating blow to the head

memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus, then transfered to the cortex

hippocampus and other memory structures store memories for as long as they exist, encoding occurs in a distributed fashion

change in the brain which stores a memory

neurons in the hippocampus which respond when the subject is in a specific location

systems in the brain are specialized for different kinds of information; the hippocampus stores memories for spatial location

spatial memory is one manifestation of the hippocampus's general function

different parts play different roles in memory; deficits in memory for temporal order of events and deficits in working memory associated with damage

storage of memories of learned sensorimotor skills

stores memory for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses; habit formation

facilitation of synaptic transmission following high-frequency electrical stimulation applied to presynaptic neurons

connections between the left and right hemispheres

surgery which separates the two hemispheres of the brain

deficit in the ability to produce or comprehend language caused by brain damage

inferior prefrontal cortex of the left hemisphere, identified by Broca as the area which produces language

problem with movements performed out of context or when the person is consciously aware of the movement

in early psychology, believed to be the left hemisphere

in early psychology, believed to be the right hemisphere

largest cerebral commissure

an area of blindness produced when the optic chiasm is cut

in split-brain patients, the left hand (controlled by the non-verbal right hemisphere) may correct the left hemisphere's incorrect answer

words, letters, language sounds, complex and ipsilateral movement, verbal memories and memory meaning, speech, reading, writing, math

faces, geometric patterns, emotional expression, nonlanguage sounds, music, tactile patterns, movement in spatial patterns, nonverbal memory, perceptual memory, emotional content of speech, spatial ability

left temporal lobe posterior to the primary auditory cortex; believed to be the area of language comprehension

(theoretical) normal comprehension of written and spoken language, slow and disjointed but meaningful speech

(theoretical) poor comprehension of written and spoken language, meaningless but fluent speech

normal-sounding but nonsensical speech

(theoretical) comprehension and spontaneous speech are normal, but responses are difficult; problem with arcuate fasciculus

left temporal lobe and parietal cortex posterior to Wernicke's area; identified by Dejerine as the location of reading and writing

inability to read

inability to write

reader looks at a word, recognizes it, and says it; used for familiar words

reader looks at the word, recognizes the letters and sounds them out, then says the word; used for unfamiliar words

inability to pronounce words based on specific memories of words (no lexical procedure)

inability to apply the rules of pronunciation in reading (no phonetic procedure)