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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anorexia nervosa
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- relentless pursuit of thinness through self-starvation, even unto death
- eating sidorder that affects up to 1% of young people in Wern societies (mostly female) |
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clinical amnesia
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- memory disorder
- produced by brain damage - patient must be hospitalized |
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science
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- a set of procedures designed to let us separate true claims about the world from mere opinion
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testable hypothesis
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- allows us to make specific predictions about what we will find, given a particular set of circumstances
- specific enough so that we can know with certainty what facts would confirm the hypothesis |
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disconfirmed
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when the facts are not consistent with the prediction, the hypothesis is...
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confirmed
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results are consistent with predictions, the hypothesis is... (NOT proven)
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replicate
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- run the same procedure with a new group of participants
- successful, implies nothing peculiar about the initial study, the results are reliable |
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anecdotal evidence
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evidence that has been informally collected and reported
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report bias
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a tendency for some observations to be reported, while other observations are not
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file-drawer problem
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studies with encouraging results are often published, while studies with disappointing results are dumped into a "file drawer" and never seen/announced
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confirmation bias
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recalling more of the success stories if success is expected, more failures if the opposite is expected.
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dependent variable
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- the variable that we measure
- results that we're looking for |
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independent variable
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- the variable whose effects we wish to examine
- what we control |
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experimental group
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introduce the experiment to these participants
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experimental manipulation
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changing circumstances to test the outcome
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control group
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provides a basis for comparison
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placebo effect
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effects caused by someone's beliefs or expectations about a drug or therapy
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demand characteristics
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if there are cues in the situation during an experiment which signal that one response is more desirable than another, and participants respond accordingly
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double-blind design
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neither the investigator nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group
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confounds
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uncontrolled factors that could influence the comparison between the experimental and control consitions
(eg: the time of the test) |
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internal validity
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only if the experiment successfully measures what it is intended to measure, all confounds are removed
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random assignment
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guarantees that experimental groups are matched
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within-subject comparisons
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- using the same people for two groups, guaranteeing that the two groups are identical
- comparing participants' behavior in one setting to the same participants' behaior in another setting |
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between-subject comparisons
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using two different groups of people for experiments
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experimental studies
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studies in which an investigator randomly assigns participants to one group or another, then deliberately manipulates some variable and observes the results
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observational studies
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the investigator observes key factors, rather than manipulating them direcly
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correlational studies
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- the investigator seeks to observe the relationship (or correlation) between two variables (IV/DV)
- the experiment is to determine whether the DV depends on the IV |
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third-variable problem
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perhaps a third factor (other than the DV/IV) is causing both to change
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CORRELATION DOES *NOT* IMPLY CAUSATION
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remember it!!
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Three categories of research
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1) experiments
2) observations 3) case studies |
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generalize
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investigators have studied just a small number of participants, but want to draw conclusions that apply to a vast number of people
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external validity
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valid if its participants, stimuli, and procedures adequately reflect the world as it is outside of the investigation
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population
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all members of a given group
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sample
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a subset of the population
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random sampling
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a procedure in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being picked for inclusion in the study
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informed consent
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before the study begins, participants must be fully informed about what their task will involved, any riss, and be allowed to leave at any time
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debriefing
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at the end of the experiment, - all hidden manipulation or deception must be revealed and explained.
- investigator must try to undo any manipulations. |
