Psych 102 Final

The set of factors the initiate and direct behaviour, usually towad some goal.

A psychological event involving:
1.) a physiological reaction, usually arousal
2.) some kind of expressive reaction, such as a distinct facial expression, and
3.) some kind of subjective experience, such as the conscious feeling of being happy or sad

Unlearned characterisitc patterns of responding that are controlled by specific triggering stimuli in the world; not thought to be an important factor in explaining goal-directed bahaviour in humans

instincts and drive

A psychological state that arises in response to an internal physiological need, such as hunger or thirst.

A drive learned by association with a primary drive (eg the need for money).

The process through which the body maintains a steady state, such as a constant internal temperature or an adequate amount of liquids.

The concept of "drive."

Causes of bahaviour that derive from an organisms's immediate internal or external environment.

Causes of behaviour that refer to the evolutionarily adaptive significance and reproductive consequences for the organism.

External facotrs in the environment-such as money, an attractive person, or tasty food- that exert pulling forces on peoples' actions.

Incentive motivation, achievemnt motivation, and intrinsic motivation

A need that varies in strength across individuals; its strength depends on (1) expectations about success and (2) how much value a persone places on succeeding at the task

They tend to work harder and more persistently on tasks,a nd they tend to acieve more than those who rank lower in achievemnt motivation.

Parents and teachers.
Also influenced by cultural factors because different cultures place emphasis on different skills.

Goal-directed behaviour that seems to be entirely self-motivated.

It can cause the person to be less motivated to do it again. (they are less likely to enjoy it, think of payed athletes)

Physiological, safety, love and beloningness, esteem, self-actualization

A hormone that may regulate the amount of energy stored in fat cells.

A portion of the hypothalamus that, when lesioned, causes an animal to typically overeat and gain a lrage amount of weight; once thought to be a kind of "stop eating" or sateity center in the brain; its role in eating behaviour is currently unknown

A portion of the hypothalamus that, when lesioned, causes an animal to be reluctant to eat; probably plays some role in eaitng behaviour. but the precise role is unknown.

portions of the brainstem, and maybe the hippocampus

chemical signals and the brain

eating habits and food cues

A natural body wieght, perhaps produced by genetic factoes, that the body seeks to maintain; when the body weught falls below the set point, people are motivated to eat; when weight exceeds the set point, people feel less motivated to eat.

Food supplies were unpredicatable in the past so we adapted to eat as much food as possible when it was available.

An eating disorder diagnosed when an otherwise healthy person refuses to maintain a normal weight level because of an intense fear of being overweight.

An eating disprder in which the principal symptom is binge eating, followed by purging in which the person voluntarily vomits or uses laxitives to prevent weight gain.

Cases of anorexia nervosa can be traced back to medivial times and occurs today in all parts of the world. Cases of bulemia bervosa however has been seen much more in the latter half of the 20th century and little evidence of it existing outside of Western cultures is seen.

Hormones

Touch and smell

Learned cognitive programs tha instrucy us on how, why, and what to do in our interations with sexual partners; their nature differs across gender and may vary across cultures

Mate selection

Sociocultural factors

The attitudes we hold toward the sexual act.

Men

Men value attrativeness and youth and women value financial prospects (and tend to choose older men)
This is seen in virtually every society whihc suggests they may be evolutionary adaptations.

The direction of a person's sexual and emotional attraction: homosexuality, heterosexuality, and bisexuality are all sexual orientations

women

Evidence shows that it is at least partly determined by bioloigcal factors (differences founf in hypothalamus and identical twins are more likley to be homosexual if their twin is, even when reared apart) but the environment also likley plays a role.

The more boys a women gives birth to, the more likely her next son is to be homosexual.

They help us adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. They are powerful motivators, they help us prioritize our thoughts and force us to focus on finding solutions to problems.

When they feel happy

When they feel guilt.

-anger
-fear
-happiness
-sadness
-surprise
-disgust

as young as 8 years old

Yes

The proposal that muscles in the face deliver siganls to the brain that are interpreted, depending on the pattern, as a subjective emotional state.

physiological arousal (eg muscles tense, heart rate speeds up, blood pressure and respiration rates increase)

A device that measures various indexes of physiological arousal in an effort to determine whether somone is telling a lie; the logic behind the test is that lying leads to greater emotionality, which can be picked up by such small measures of arousal as heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and perspiration.

A breakdown in behavioural, biological, or psychological functioning.

arousal can increase performance but only to a cartain point and then it impedes us (think of an important test but if its worth too much we may not be able to focus.)

Because we tend to expect more from them which increases the chances that our expectations may not be met.

An adversion toward something distasteful

A theory of emotion that argues that body reactions preced and drive the subjective experience of emotions.

A theory of emotion that argues that body reactions and subjective experiences occur together but independently.

A theory of emotion that argues that the cognitive interpretation, or appraisal, of a body reaction creates the subjective experience of emotion.

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

The study of how people use cognitive processes- such as perception, memory, thought, and emotion- to make sense of other people as well as themselves.

physical appearance

A general knowledge structure, stored in long-term memory, that relates to social experiences or people.

The collection of beliefs and impressions held about a group and its memebers; common stereotypes include those based on gender, race, and age.

They lead us to judge individuals on the basis of our expectations about the group they belong to.

We strore abstract representations of the tyical features of a group; we then judge particular individuals based on their simularity to the prototype.

We store memories of particular individuals, or exemplars, and these individual memories form the basis for sterotypes.

When we have recently been exposed to sterotypic actions or beliefs.

When our expectations about the actions of another person actually lead that person to behave in the expected way.

An unrealistic negative evaluation of a group and its members.

Behaving in an unfair way toward members of another group

A group of individuals that you do not belong to or identify with

A group that you belong to or identify with

the tendancy to evaluate your own group more positively than others

The tendancy for members of groups experiencing discrimination to minimize discrimination directed toward themselves as individuals, but to agree with other group members that discrmination against the groupa s a while is significant.

A belief system about discrimination that is widely shared by group members.

A person's beliefs regarding the sterotype that out-group members hold about his or her own group.

The inference processes people use to assign cause and effect to behaviour.

To figure out why somebody's mood changes at a specifc time, you look for a factor that occurs at the same time, or covaries, with the bevaiour change.

-consistency
-distinctiveness
-consensus

Attributing the cause of a person's baheaviour to an external event or situation in the environment

Attributing the cause of a person's behaviour to an internal personality characterisitic

External- high consistency, high distinctiveness, high consensus
Interanl-high consistency, low distincitveness, low concensus

The fact the causal attributions tend to overestimate the influence of internal personal factors and underestimate the role of situational factors.

The tendancy to attribute others' behaviour to internal forces and our own bahaviour to external forces.

The tendancy to make internal attributions about our own bahaviour when the outcome is positive and to blame the situation when our behaviour leads to something negative.

They allow us to make quick decisions about the causes of bahaviour and make us feel more comfortable about ourselves and the world as a whole. However, they can sometimes lead to incorrect conclusions.

Boosts self-esteem so increase chance of being successful but also inmepede us from learning from failures.

It may, because it helps us determin if strangers sre likely to help or harm us.

A positive or negative evalutation of belief helpd about something, which in turn may affect behaviour; are typically broken down into cognivitve, affective, and behavioural components.

1.)cognitive- what people know or believe about the object of their attitude
2.)the feelings that the object engenders
3.)predisposition to act toward to object in a particular way

Direct positive or negative experience with an attitude target.

A popular theory about attitude change which suggests that 2 primary routes to persuasion exist: one that is central and one that is peripheral.

The tension produced when people act in a way that is inconc=sistent with their attitudes; attitude change may occur as a result of attempting to reduce cognitive dissonance.

The idea hat people who ise observations of their own behaviour as a basis for inferring their internal beliefs.

The study of how the behaviours and thoughts of individuals are affected by the presence of others.

The enhancement in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others

The impairment in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others

The reluctance to come to the aid of a person in need when other people are present.

The idea that when people know, or think, that others are present in a situation, the allow their sense of responsibilty for action to diffuse, or spread out widely, among those who are present.

The tendancy to put out less effort when several people are supposed to be working on a task than when only one is working

The loss of individualoity or depersonalization, that comes from being in a group.

The tendancy to go along with the wishes of the group; when people conform, their opinions, feelings, and behaviours generally start to move toward the group norm.

The group doesn;t always do the right thing, eg. smokng, racism, shoplifting, violence, etc.

group polarization and groupthink

The tendancy for a group's dominant point of view to become stronger and more extreme with time

The tendancy for members of a group to become so interested in seeking a consensus of opinion that they start to ignore and even supress dissenting views

The form of compliance that occurs when people respond to the orders of an authority figure

"teachers" were instruced to shock the learners when they were wrong and it was to see whether they would obey the researcher even when they could hear the learner protesting in pain

65% (26 of the 40) of the 40 participants were willing to deliver shocks up to 450V, and no participant quit before the pounding on the wall started

How close the experimenter was and how "official" he appeared,

"average" faces (average or normal characteristics rend to be preferred over the extreme ones)

experience (we rate people that we like as more attractive) and comparisons (if we've just seen a very attrative person, our rating of an average erson will go down)

proximity, similarity, reciprocity

The tendancy for people to return in kind the feelings that are shown toward them

Because if they share the same beliefs it validates our beliefs or maybe we dislike thos with other beliefs so we don't want to spend time with them

The attemt to get someone to like you for some alterior motive

We can misattribute arousal from one source as sexual attraction to someone nearby. The Capilan Suspension Bridge study showed that men were more likely to ask a femal interviewer out after crossing a scary bridge.

An intense emotional state characterized by a powerful longing to be with a specific person; marked by a combination of intimacy and passion, but committment may be lacking

A kind of emotional attachment characterized by feelings of trust and companionship; marked by a comination of intimacy and commitment but passion may be lacking

Women tend to report loving their partner more bu liking their friends more and men tend to repot liking and loving their partner more

intimacy, passion and committment

passion

intimacy

committment

intimacy and passion

intimacy and committment

committment and passion

committment, passion, and intimacy

infatuated love, liking, empty love, romantic love, companionate love, fatuous love, consummate love

Passion seems to develop quickly but is difficult to sustain for long periods, committment and intimacy are slower to develop but can be quite long-lasting.

Their roomates

behaviour meant to harm someone

Agression is learned thorugh recieving repeated rewards for aggressive behaviour.

Agression is learned by watching others behav aggressively

Aggression was an adaptive behaviour- especially for males- that was selected into our gene pool because it led to successful reproduction

It results form society's perversion of the naturall good selves that we are born with

Males show higher physical aggression and some studies show higher verbal aggression in females

Abnormal behaviour refers to an observed problem behaviour and the term psychological disorder refers to the underlying psychological problem

A criterion for abnormality based on a low frequency of occurance among the members of a population

Behaviour is abnormal if it violates the rules or accepted standards of society

Behaviour is abnormal if it regularly leads to personal distress or emotional upset

Behaviour is abnormal if it interferes with the ability to pursues daily activiies, such as work and relationships

statistical deviance, cultural deviance, personal or emotional distress, and dysfunction

The view that abnormal behaviour is symptomatic of an underlying "disease" that can be "cured" with the appropriate therapy

The view that abnormality is a label that each society assigns to behaviours that it finds unacceptable, even i fthe behaviours are not criminal in nature

The Diagnostic and Statitstical Manual of Mental Disorders, which is used for the diagnosis and classification of psychological disorders; comprises five major rating dimensions, called axes

axis I-clinical disorders
axis II- personality disorders
axis III- any medical conditions that the patient may have
axisIV-any environmental or psychological problems that may be present
axis V-the individual's current level of adaptive or global function

A class of disorders marked by excessive apprehension and worry that in turn impairs normal functioning

Excessive worrying, or free-floating anxiety, that lasts for at least six months and cannot be attributed to any single identifiable source

generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, and specific phobias

A condition marked by recurrent discrete episodes or attacks of extremely intense fear or dread

An anxiety disorder that causes an individual to restrict his or her normal activities; someone who has agoraphobia tends to avoid public places out of fear that a panic attack will occur

An anxiety disorder that manifests itself through persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, called obsessions, or by the compelling need to perform repetitive acts, called compulsions.

An incapacitating fear of social situations

A highly focused fear of a specific object or situation

Psychological disorders that focus on the physical body

hypochondriasis, somatization disorder, and conversion disorder

A long-lasting preoccupation with the idea that one has developed a serious disease, based on what turns out to be a misinterpretation of normal body reactions

A long-lasting preoccupation with body symptoms that have no identifiable physical cause.

In hypochondriases the anxiety rises becasue of a presumed underlying disease, whereas in somatization disorder the presence of the symptoms themselves casue the disorder

The presence of real physical problems, such as blindness or paralysis, that seem to have no identifiable physical cause.

A class of disorders characterized by the separation, or dissociation, of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories

dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder

A psychological disorder characterized by an inability to remember important information

A loss of personal identity that is often accompanied by a flight from home

A condition in which an individual alternates between what appear to be two or more distinct personalities or identities (also known as multiple personality disorder)

dissociative identity disorder

Prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state

depressive disorders (person experiences mainly depression) and bipolar disorders (mood swings between extreme highs and lows)

A type of mood disrder characterized by depressed mood and other symptoms

A type of mood disorder in which the person experiences disordered modd shifts in two directions- from depression to a manic state

A disordereed state in which the person becomes hyperative, talkative, and has a decreased need for sleep; a person in a manic state may engage in activities that are self-destructive or dangerous

19%

suicide

four to five times more likely

women (but they often use non-lethal methods)

more than 90%

A class of disorders characterized by fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotion or behaviour

positive symptoms- delusions or hallucinations
negative symptoms-reduced interest in life and diminshed ability to express emotion

Chronic or enduring patterns of behaviour that lead to significant impairments in social functioning

A personality disorder characterized by pervasive distrust of others

A personality disorder characterized by an excessive and persistent need to be taken care of by others

A personality disorder characterized by repeated criminal behaviour and a failure to learn from punishment

An alternative construct to teh antisocial personality disorder; as well as criminal tendancies, it focuses on the underlying personality traits of manipulation, callousness, and impulsive thrill-seeking

A personality disorder characterized by an excessive and rigid need to ahieve the highest level of quality in achievements

Psycopathy checklist revised developed by Robert Hare. A trained assesser completes a 20-item rating scale based in a semi-structured interview nad detailed information from files (it is a standard instrument for assessing psychopathy)

cult membership and internet addiction

The idea that psychological disorders are influenced, or caused by a combination of biological, psychological (cognitive), and social (environemental) factors

cult membership and internet addiction

The idea that psychological disorders are influenced, or caused by a combination of biological, psychological (cognitive), and social (environemental) factors

An excess supply of dopamine or possibly an interation between dopamin and serotonin.

Medications that act as dopamine antagonists (reduce or block dopamine use in the brain)

neirotransmitter imbalances, structural problems, genetic contributions.

Larger ventricles, also activity in frontal areas of brain may be abnormally low

Your chances of having it increase if a family members has it and are 1 in 2 if your identical twiin has it

They are likely to explain it in terms of internal, stable, and global attributions

A general sense of helplessness that is acquired when people repeatedly fail in their attempts to control their environment; learned helplessness may play a role in depression

Treatment designed to help people deal with mentsl, emotional, or behavioural problems

What works for one patient may not work for another.

treating the body, treating the mind, treating the environment

Biologically based treatments, including drug therapies, shock treatments, and, very rarely, psychsurgery

Medications that reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia; the majority act on the neurotransmitter dopamine

They don't wrok for everybody and some can have disturbing side effects.

It dropped to less then 25% of what it had been in the 1950s due to effective medications, improvement in alternate forms of therapy, cutbacks in governement funding needed to maintain adequate institutional care,a dn stricter laws governing committment.

drowsiness, dificulty concentrating, blurry vision and movement disorders. One particularly serious side effect is tardive dyskinesia which produces disbaing involuntary movements of the mouth and face.

Medications that moderate the availability or effectiveness of the nerotransmitters implicated in mood disorders; Prozac for exampl, increased the action of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

1.) tricyclics- act on norepinephrine, allowing it to linger in synapses loger than usual
2.) selective serotonin reuptake inhibiters- block reuptake of serotonin

By administering a common salt called lithium carbonate

Medications that reduce tension and anxiety, many work on the inhibitory neurotransmittter GABA

Drowsinees, impaired motor coordination,and possible psychological dependence

A treatment used primarily for depression in which a brief electric current is delivered to the brain

As a last resort, when the patiet has not responded to any other treatment (it is succeful 50-70% of the time in lessening the symptoms of depression in patienst who showed no response to ny other treatment)

Nobody know why it works, it produces side effects of confusion and a loss of memeory for events surrounding the treatment, similar to how people are executed

Treatments designed to give clients self-knowledge, or insight, into their psychological problems, usually through one-on-one interactions with a therapist

Psychoanalysis, cognitive therapies,a nd humanistic approaches

Freud's method of treatment that attempts to bring hidden impulses and memories, which are locked in the unconscious, to the surface or awareness, thereby freeing the patient from disordered thoughts and behaviours/

A technique used in psychoanlysis to explore the contents of the unconscious; patients are asked to relaxand freely express whatever thoughts and feelins happen to come into their minds.

A techniques used in psychoanlysis; Freid believed that dreams are symbolic and contain important information about the unconscious

In psychoanlysis, a patient's unconsciously motivated attempts to subvert the process of therapy

In psychoanalysis, the patient's expression of thoughts and feelings toward the therapist that are actually representative of the way the patient feels about other significant people in his or her life

Treatments designed to remove irrational beliefs and negative thoughts that are presumed to be responsible for psychological disorders

A form of cognitive therapy, developed by Alert Ellis, in which the therapists acts as a kind of cross-examiner, verblly disputing the client's irrational though process

The therapists acts as an advisor, or co-investigator, helping clients discover their own unique kinds of faulty beliefs

Treatments designed to help clients gain insight into their fundamental self-worth and value as human beings; therapy is a process of discovering our own unique potential

A form of humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, proposing tht it is the client, not the therapist, who holds the key to psychological health and happiness; therapist's role is to provide genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy

Gestalt therapy- the approach is far less gentle and non-directive than client-centered therapy. The clients is actively encouraged, even forced, to express their feelings openly.

existentail therapies-existential therapists believe that psychological problems orginiate from the anxietites created by personal choices, such as whether to stay in school, get married, or a quit a job

A form of therapy in which several people are treated simultabeousy in the same setting

-more cost effective
-hearing other peoples thoughts that match your own can be educational
-helps you realize that you aren't alone

A form of group therapy in which the thrapist treats the family as a whole, as a kind of social system; the goals of the treatment are often to improve interpersonal communication and collaboration

Treatments designed to change behaviour through the use of established learning techniques

A technique that uses counterconditioning and extinction to reduce the fear and anxiety that have become associated with a specific object or event; a multistep process that attempts to replace the negative learned association with something relaxing

A treastment for replacing a positive reaction to a harmful stimulus, such as alcohol, with something negative, such as feeling nauseated

A type of bahavioural therapy in which institutioanlized patients are rewarded with small tokens when they act in an appropriate way; tokens can then be exchanged for certain privelages

A statistical tchnique used to summarize findings across all available studies; comparisons are based on some common evaluation index, such as the numerical difference between the success rate of the treatment and control conditions

Improvement in a psycholgical disorder without treatment-that is, simply as a function of the passage of time

Treatment that have been shown, based on extensive and well-validated research, to be effective in treating specific psychological disorders and problems

support facotrs, learning factors, and action factors

The bond formed between the client and the therapist in successful psychotherapy that is focused on working together constructively to solve the client's problem

The difference between the number of people who could benefit from receiving psychological services and those who receive them

The study of how biological, psychological, environmental, and cultural factors are involved in physical health and the prevention of illness

People\s physical and psychological reactions to demanding or threatening situations

The demanding or threatening situations that produce stress

Hans Selye's model of stress as a general, nonspecific reaction that occurs in three phases: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

No

People who had frequent illnesses were found to be more empathetic toward others and more tolerant of uncertainty.

Males show typical flight or fight response and females tend to show "tending and befriending" behaviours (to protect their offspring)

The idea that to feel stress you need to percieve a threat and come to the conclusion that you may not have adaptive resources to deal with that threat

Significant life events, physical pain, daily hassels, and other factors in the envornment.

A specialty area in psychology devoted to the study of environmental effects, such as crowding or noise, on behaviour and health.

noise and crowding

The set of traits, attitudes, and skills that make and individual less vulnerable to stress

The amount of influence you feel you have over a situation and your reaction to it

perceived control, explanatory style, and personality characterisitcs

An enduring pattern of behaviour linked to coronary heart disease; the tendancy to be hard-driving, ambituous, easily annoyed, and impatient all seem to derive from the trait of hostility

People who lack the type A traits-they experience less stress and therefore better hralth outcomes

twice as likely

Overall level of hostility

Specialized white blood cells that have the job of attacking foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria.

By interfering with white blood cell's ability to eliminate foreign substances that have invaded the body

It increases cholesterol levels and blood presssure.

A trauma-based anxiety disorder characterized by flashbacks, avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, and chronic arousal symptoms

women are 5 times more likley to develop post-traumaitc stress disorder following a traumatic event

When the following three types of symptoms occur for a period lasting longer then one month:
1.)flashbacks
2.)avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma
3.)chronic arousal symptoms

A state of physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation

In highly motivated individualsnperhaps because of a loss of control or meaning in life

Efforts to manage or master conditions of threat or demand that tax resources

relaxtion techniques, using social support networks, and reappraising the environment in a less threatening way

Specific physiological feedback that people are given about the effectiveness of their relaxation efforts

If we are shown feedback that wsay out efforts are working, we are better able to control our physiological response.

Improves cardiovascular fitness and on average increases the chances that you will live longer.

It improves mood and makes people more resistant to the effects of stressors.

30 mins a day

It increases the amount of oxygen going to the brain which increases cognitive functioning, and sustained exercise may alter mood-inducing neurotransmitters in the brain

about 25%

More than half

it has decreased

Number of adults has decreased but the number of adolescents who drink to excess is increasing

more than 40%

Aboriginal Canadians are at a six times greater risk

it is a depressant so it slows down the nervous system which may cause drowsiness, induce sleep or relieve pain

A state induced by alcohol intoxication that results in more extreme social behaviours

-primary prevention-designed to educate the public as a whole in ways to reduce or eliminate a problem before it starts
-secondary prevention-early identification of risk factors in specific population groups
-tertiary prevention-handle and contain illness or habit once it has been acquired

Accute Immune Deficiency Syndrome, a disease that gradually weakens and disables the immune system

The only effective way to prevent the soread is to prevent risk taking behaviour and they also play a theropeutic role with those who have contracted STDs

embarassed about purchaisng them, difficulty discussing it with theri partner, believed condoms interferred with sexual pleasure, already used oral contraceptives

abstinecen and safer-sex interventions can both reduce unsafe sexual behaviours, but safer-sex interventions may have longer lasting effects