Psych 320

bones of the jaw dont meet properly for chewing.
Different kinds:
1. upper jaw-too big overbite
2. lower jaw- tender bite
3. cross bite.
14% of children doesnt fix.

near sightedness

body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse affect on health

evident in humans as well as other speices, takes different form in boys and girls.

Slows down
height 2-3 inches per year
weight- 5lbs per year
boys more muscel mass
girls more fat tissue
Shortest children- asia, south amreica, parts of Africa, Pacific Islands
taller- U.s australia, North/central Europe

Bones lenghten and broaden.
ligaments are not firmly attached.
night time growing pains
Teeth- primary replaced by permanent.
major factor of malocclusion is of bad bite is airway obstruction during childhood.

by age 6- brain is 90% of adult weight.
frontal lobe myelinates (attention,planning/organizing all improve)
Corpus Callosum thickens (2 hemispheres communitcate more effiecintly)

Common health problems:
vision myopia-trouble seeing
middle ear infections-
Malnutrition- not enough nutirtion
Obesity

people who are at risk:
Low income childre, low IQ scores, poor motor coordination
parents education

retarded physical growth
poor motor coordination
Low IQ scores
Permanent brain damage

33% of AM. children are overweight, 17% are obese
80% of children remain obese into adulthood
Possible causes:
Heridty
environmental influences- family eating habits, w/e they want whenever they want
overfeeding
using food as reinforcer
less physical activity
low socioecomomic society
more television

(bedwetting) 10% of Am. children suffer
caused by failure of muscular responses to inhibit urination or too much urine production
Treatments- antidepressant drugs, urine alarm, children often naturally outgrow eneuresis

unintentional injuries-
automobile- most common
bicycle- 2nd most
bone fractures

Children with difficult temperment, active children, impulsive (without thinking), living in poverty (environmental factors)

More refined movments, running throwing is more effiecint.
more flexible, agile, balance, greater force, better reaction

Improve, wirting- enough control to learn curvsive writing.
uniform wirting.
drawing improves
musical instruments

boys better in gross motor skills, jumping, throwing running etc..
Girls better in fine motor skills

Am. children only recieve 1hr 20min of phys ed per week.
only 2/3 of boys and 1/2 of girls meet basic phy. fitness standards.

Realizations that things are the same, eventhough they look different.

focus on more than one thing, height and width, color and shape. Conservation skills

Ability to go thorugh a series of steps through a problem in the reverse direction and returning to the starting point.

ability to put things in order along a demension
shortest-tallest

hierarchical classification- "legos in order according to color and shape"

teaching to read and write that language.

practice of educating students with special needs in regular classes.

all students, regardless of the level or type of disability, should be educated entirely in the same general education classrooms as their same-age peers.

3rd stage of cognitive devleopment (7-11years)
characteristics:
logical thinking, reversable, think through, step by step.
math reversble.

shows that experiences influences mastering conservation skills, cultural impact

changes in 3 ways:
1. children pay attention better, focus, concentrate, moer selective and control
2. More adapatable/flexible. shift attention from math to spelling
3. More planful/organized. homework, assignment pad.

ADHD- difficulty sustaining attention, constantly active, fidgeting, impulsivity, act without thinking, normal intelligence
3%-5% of children suffer
causes- heridity
environmental factors
teratogens, homes with high stress and conflict
treatments- amphetamine drugs, addresses attention deficit
behavioral intervation- help get organized, family intervention

Rote rehersal- keeps information in short term memory.
organization- transfers information into long term memory
Elabortation- transfers information into long term memory

Knowledge base- everything you already know, long term memory grows and becomes more organized.

1. Whole language appraoch, readhing stories, asking to write cards and letters.
2. basic skills/phonics approach- cant expose to written language, you have to teach basic grammar.

1. addition is learned first, based on counting
subtraction is next (opposite of addition)
multiplication is learned next, understand of repeated addition
division is last- most complex

1.Stanford Binet- 2yrs-adulthood
5 factors:1.general knowledge,2.quantatative reasoning/math, 3.visual spatial reasoning (mazes),4.short term/working memory, 5. basic information processing.

2. WISC IV- ages 6-16
4 factors:1. verbal reasoning, 2 perceptual reasoning, 3. working memory, 4. processing speed.

3. Kaufamn assessment
ages 2 1/2- 12yrs
based on information processing, stimulus processing, sequential processing (problem solving)

Triarchic theory:
1. Analytical intelligence- verbal skills, quantataive reasoning, logical thinking, memory.
2. Creative intelligence- Creativity and insight, know how to solove
3. Practical intelligence- practical knowledge, street smarts, common sense, everyday applied skills .

vocab: 6years, 10,000 words
11years- 40,000 words
words are leaned differently. childrens definitions beomce more specific and accurate.
understand double meanings/puns/riddles.

Bilingual language devlopment
takes children 3-5 years to become fluent in speaking 2nd language.
takes longer to become proficient in reading 2nd language.

Traditional- everyone works at the same time
Constructivized/open classrooms- different centers for children

Traditional is better off

Learning disabled Criteria:
IQ, normal

types: specific deficit, reading(dyslexia) writing (dysgraphia), math (dyscalculia) attention (ADD,ADHD) Spelling

everyday explanation for why this happens:
luck/chance
ability
effort

Industry V.s Inferiority
the ability to work with others
routine, repetitive things over and over
inferiority-negative exp at home lead to incompetence

Psychological terms- personality trait
"I'm a hard worker, friendly peson"
Competences- what they can do.

4 domains:
1. Academic- how well they do in school
2. physical/atheltic competence
3. Physical appearence- pretty, ugly, etc..
4. social- how they get along

Mastery Orientation:
attribute to ability and effect. Failed- didnt work hard enough

Helpless oreintation- "I was lucky" Failed- attribute failure to lack of ability

Shame- judges his or her actions as a failure in regard to his or her standards, rules, and goals

Guilt- feel responsible and try to repair the failure

Pride- emotion that results from a positive self-evaluation

1. Undifferenciated perspective (3-6 yrs)- young children think?feel how everyone else is
2. Socail informational perspective (4-9yrs)- realization that others thoughts/feeling are different
3. Self relfelcted (7-12yrs)- child puts him in others shoes
4. 3rd party perspective (10-15yrs) realize objective 3rd point of view, point of view
5. Societal Perspective (14yrs+) -realize that 3rd person pt of view is influenced by culture in which the person lives.

Children with better perspective taking are more empathic, aggressive children have trouble with perspective taking

1.3yrs olds will share toys because they "have to"
2. yr olds, sharing is instrumental, get something out of it.
3. 5/6yrs old-fairness is equal treatment
4. 6/7yrs old- understand merit, harder you work, more you deserve
5. 8/9yr olds- benevulance-people descerve special treament- "wheelchair"

1.Popular- high in prosocial behavios, share, cooperate etc..
2.rejected- rejected aggaressive (bullies)
rejected withdrawn (victim)
3.Controversal-disruptive (class clown) liked by a number
and disliked by a number
4.Neglect

Family influences, spend less time together, freidns, school, older=less care

new issues- chosres, hw, allowance, monitoring freinds, school, tv viewing
authoritative- listen, follow instructions, talk to childre easier

rivrarly increses, socially aware,
sibling are important sources of companionship and support.

affects 50% of children
Factors:
age of child
childs temperament
sex and custondy

adjustment period- approx 2years

unsupervised children,

parental monitoring helps latch key children stay out of trouble.

5% of children develop intense fear and anxiety
factors:
school phobia
being bullied, getting sick before school. afraid of the dark, thunder lightning, ghosts

Not all abuse is reported, underestimae of what actually happens (reported cases)

Characteristics:
victims- girls
9yr olds
Abuser characteristics:
male, familiar person

Short term:
changes in appetite
sleeping distubances
extreme emotional disorders
inappropirate sexual knowledge

Long term:
depression
anxiety
50% have sexual disfuntion

Resilient children- completely normal

factors:
above avg IQ
easy tempearment
high self esteem
mastery orientation
good at seeking out social support from others

playin a game of their own invention and making and breaking the rules as they go along.

most play has progressed to games with rules.
ball games, chasing games, circle games, mental games sensing games, and strength games.

they play when they want to, for how long they want to and with whom they want to play.

superstitious concept of rules. rules cannot be changed.

understand with respect of morality.

involving a play on words
riddles.

the need to distinguish oneself fomr the opposite sex is often expressed in verbal expressions

play love and work

Humor, unexpected experiences.

able to express anger without putting down, or attackng character or personality

jointly set the consequences of breaking the rules. feel that they are living in a world that is under control and in setting limits we give them reassurance

gives us a creative outlet that we may not find in our job or profession. allow us to realize personal talents.

diminished from what it was in the past. not enough time for relaxed family interaction.

transforming behaviorial control from parent to child

preschool- parents supervised
elementary- more skills