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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phobias are due primarily to what?
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Conditioning.
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What is a phobia?
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An exaggerated, persistent, irrational fear of some object or situation which often leads to maladaptive escape or avoidance behavior.
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What are some common phobias?
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Public speaking, snakes, spiders, insects, mice, storms, heights, large bodies of water, small enclosed spaces, vast expanses, blood, injury, and injections, and idiosyncratic stimuli and situations.
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How is the blood, injury, and injection phobia different from other phobias?
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It elicits a response from the parasympathetic nervous system, rather than the sympathetic nervous system.
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What are the two factors of the two-factor theory?
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Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
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What role does classical conditioning play?
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Acquisition of the phobia.
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What role does operant conditioning play?
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Maintenance of the phobia.
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Explain factor one.
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A neutral stimulus becomes a CS for fear through association with an aversive US that naturally elicits fear (UR). Subsequent presentation of CS elicits CR of fear.
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How easy or difficult is it for fear conditioning to occur?
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It may take only one US-CS pairing, especially if the CS is novel.
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Explain factor two.
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The presentation of the CS induces fear, which stimulates an escape behavior that reduces the unpleasant state. This reduction negatively reinforces the escape behavior.
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What kind of state is fear?
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An aversive drive state.
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What does an aversive drive state prompt?
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Action.
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What is the reinforcer? Is it positive or negative?
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Reduction of the fearful state. It is a negative reinforcer.
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If the CS is predictable, escape behavior can develop into what?
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Avoidance behavior.
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How is extinction prevented?
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Avoidance prevents any exposure (positive or negative) to the CS.
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What are the shortcomings of two-factor theory?
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Evidence of traumatic conditioning is rarely found in the histories of phobic individuals.
Many traumatic associations produce no conditioning. Laboratory fear conditioning in humans results in CRs that are weak, rapidly extinguished, and subject to conscious control. |
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How can the absence of traumatic experiences in phobia acquisition be explained?
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There are other ways to learn: vicarious learning and informational acquisition.
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Why might some traumatic experiences not produce phobias?
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Latent inhibition or immunization can prevent fear conditioning. Also, there may be individual differences in susceptibility to fear conditioning.
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What is necessary for latent inhibition to occur?
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Many experiences with no associated trauma.
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