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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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scientist-practitioner gap
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miscommunication between scientist (focus on research) and therapists (focus on experience with individuals)
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characteristics of psychology
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1) explanatory
2) predictive 3) facilitates intervention (figures out methods of treatment) |
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science
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observation + evidence
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hypothesis
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prediction about the relationship between variables
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scientific method of psych
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1) hypothesis
2) collect data 3) analyze data, think of any and all explanations of findings, compare w/ other scientists' experiments, and replicate study |
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when comparing two variable, it is important to _______ each variable in order to be able to MEASURE each one
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define
e.g. in a study on how love is related to happiness, one must define (in detail) love and happiness |
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observational studies
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studies in which a researcher just watches (does not manipulate the situation)
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characteristics of an observational study
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1) systematic observation (a plan of obs.)
2) natural/ reliable observations 3) lacks lab control 4) multiple observers |
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an experiment has both ______ and _______ conditions
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1) experimental
2) control (e.g. in a drug study, experimental conditions = ppl taking the drug, control conditions = ppl taking a placebo) |
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experiment
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researcher systematically manipulates 1 or more independent variables and looks for changes in 1 or more dependent variables
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dependent variable depends on independent variable
(e.g. an experiment measuring happiness based on amount of wealth- which one (wealth or happiness) is the DV and which is the IDV?) |
dependent: happiness
independent: wealth |
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in an experiment, participants are ______ assigned to conditions
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randomly
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true experiment
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an experiment in which subjects can be randomly assigned to groups/ researcher has control of independent variables
(e.g. of not true experiment: one in which there are two groups- abused and nonabused kids) |
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when isn't it possible to conduct an experiment?
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1. when it's unethical
2. when you can't randomly assign subjects to groups (i.e. gender) |
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correlational study
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when a researcher observes/measures association between two or more (unmanipulated) variables
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positive correlation
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as one variable increases, so does the other
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negative correlation
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as one variable increases, the other decreases
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which aspect of an experiment does a quasi-experiment lack?
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random assignment of subjects to condition
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quasi-independent variable
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already in condition prior to research
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limitations of quasi-independent experiments
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1) less experimental control (b/c you can't manipulate their condition)
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what are some musts when working with humans?
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1) informed consent/debriefing
2) Institutional Review Board (IRB) |
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threats to validity of research results
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1) placebo effects
2) demand characteristics - when the subject knows what researcher is looking for & (un)conciously acts that way 3) social desirability - Participants respond in way to look good to others; Overreporting “good” behavior; underreporting “bad” |
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assessing causality in experiments
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IDV causes change in DV
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two probs. w/ assessing causality in correlational relationships
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1) directionality - you don't know which one causes which, i.e. drinking vs. partying
2) third variable - the existence of a third unmeasured factor that is the main driver of variables |
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limitations of experiments
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findings may not accurately reflect real world situations
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psychology grew out of dual roots ______ and _______
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philosophy and biology
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central themes in history of psych
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structuralism vs. functionalism,
mind vs. body, theory vs. experimentation, learning vs. innateness |
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considered the founder of psychology
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Wilhelm Wundt
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why is Wundt considered the founder of psych?
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because he wrote the first psych textbook and opened the first psych lab in Germany (1879)
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coined the term structuralism (was a follower of Wundt)
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Edward Titchener
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Titchener believed in ________
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introspection (self-reporting/ looking inward) *criticized as unscientific b/c it is too private of a technique
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established the first U.S. psych lab in 1892
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Titchener
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who developed the theory of functionalism?
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WIlliam James
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who developed the theory of functionalism?
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WIlliam James
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who developed the theory of functionalism?
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WIlliam James
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functionalism
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focused on functions of mind rather than structure
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functionalism
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focused on functions of mind rather than structure
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functionalism
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focused on functions of mind rather than structure
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James believed that certain behaviors were not consciously carried out, but that they were _______
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instincts
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James focused on logic and intuition, not ________
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hard data and experiments
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James believed that certain behaviors were not consciously carried out, but that they were _______
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instincts
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James believed that certain behaviors were not consciously carried out, but that they were _______
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instincts
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James focused on logic and intuition, not ________
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hard data and experiments
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James focused on logic and intuition, not ________
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hard data and experiments
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APA
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American Psych Association
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fun fact: by 1900 there were ___ psych labs in the U.S.
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40
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structuralism
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investigates/defines the components of experience and emotion
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functionalism
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asks what the purpose of a given emotions
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theories of the relationship between the mind and body
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1) dualism *Descartes
2) monism *Hobbes |
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dualism
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mind and body are separate- mind= spiritual, like a soul/ body=physical
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monism
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the mind and body are one- goes with the theory of materialism
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materialism
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both mind and body=physical- Gabby quote, "The mind is just another organ, we should treat it as such."
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theory
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thinking about people and their environments, but not really basing these thoughts on hard data/ measurable factors
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key figure in the theoretical approach
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Freud
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Freud's methods
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psychoanalysis (based on the study of the unconscious mind)
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experimentation
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answering questions about human nature by conducting studies
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key figures in experimentation
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Skinner and Watson
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learning vs. innateness
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another comparison
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John Locke
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Locke believed that we become who we are entirely because of learning i.e. we are a blank slate when we are born (behaviorism)
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behavioral theorists
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1) Pavlov
2) Watson 3) Skinner |
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Pavlov and Watson's theory of behaviorism
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classical conditioning
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classical conditioning
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teaching an organism to respond in a certain way to a certain stimulus (has to do with associating one stimulus with another)
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Pavlov's experiment outcome
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bell > salivation
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Watson's experiment outcome
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furry animal > fear
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behavioral theorists
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1) Pavlov
2) Watson 3) Skinner |
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Pavlov and Watson's theory
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classical conditioning
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classical conditioning
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teaching an organism to have a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus
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Pavlov's experiment outcome
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bell > salivation
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Watson's experiment outcome
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furry animal > fear
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Skinner's theory of behaviorism
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operant conditioning
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operant conditioning
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teaching an organism to display a particular behavior in order to illicit a certain consequence
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in classical conditioning, ______ causes a response in _______
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environment, organism
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in operant conditioning, _______ causes a response in _______
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organism, environment
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