Psych Exam 2

A stimulus and a response (originally learned by another stimulus).

Classical conditioning.

Conditioned reflex.

Responses to consequences.

B.F. Skinner.

Decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.

Prevents some aversive stimulation from happening.

Negative reinforcement = removal of aversive stimulus, strengthening the response.
Punishment = presentation of aversive stimulus therefore weakening response.

Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs. And these studies on latent learning also suggest cognitive processes contributing to conditioning.

Species-specific biological constraints on conditioning.

Conditioned response.

Stimulus generalization.

That an already established conditioned stimulus can be used in the place of a natural unconditioned stimulus.

Information from memory stores.

Structural (shallow, emphasizes physical structure of stimulus), phonemic (emphasizes sound), and semantic encoding (meaning of verbal input).

In reading about phobias and that they are often caused by classical conditioning, you apply this idea to your own fear of spiders. (Linking a stimulus to other info at the time of encoding).

Semantic and visual codes.

A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items.

An example of this would be thinking about butter and relating it to bread.

Making attributions about the origins of memories

New information impairs retention of previously learned information.

Previously learned information interferes with retention of new information.

The loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia.

The loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia.

Symbolic, generative (symbols generate messages), structured.

"Working memory."

A combination of placebo effects and the mere passage of time.

Vast majority of individuals will endorse generalized personality summaries as true/accurate and specific descriptions of themselves.

Correlations that arise not because a causal link exists between the two variables, but because both variables are related to a third variable.

Refers to the relationships between certain subject and environmental variables that may arise when people with different biological, behavioral, and psychological characteristics select different types of environments.

Tendency to explain chance events. People tend to see their expected correlation even in random events.

Experiment on Little Albert.
First neutral stimuli, then unconditioned stimulus of loud noise, then conditioned response of fear.

Birds tended to have observably different behaviors as if there was a causal relation between the behavior and food presented, although such relation was not present. Superstitious behaviors.

Experiments included rats and mazes.
Point was to study complex internal cognitive activity, mental representation, cognitive maps, strip-maps.

Spontaneous remission.

Watson and Rayner.

B.F. Skinner.

Tolmen.

Loftus.

Rotter.

There are testimonials to support virtually every therapy and any specific remedy tried.

Prevalence more widely spread than is understood. Theory of autism connected to early vaccination in children. Astrology and leading horoscope magazines have a larger following than legitimate science magazines.

Wants to expose that it is so easy to make up testimonial evidence for any event with claim.
Vividness with vividness.
Flying saucer example.

Had evidence from manipulating variable.
Injected himself with bodily fluids of victims of pellagra and nothing happened.
Also, tested high and low diets in two groups of prisoners and low dietary group came down with disease and other did not.
Hypothesis accepted because he had empirical evidence.

Academic achievement is linked to private school attendance because of family background and general cognitive level of students in private are different from public.

Ruling out academic aptitude, found that correlation between university attendance and SES remained significant.

Base rate, which is the prior probability, is that it needs to be combined with probable diagnostics of the case evidence in order to be a correct decision.

Hospital example had that certain days more than 60% of babies were born boys (larger, smaller, or same amount hospitals) and asking which had more. Larger hospital will tend to have proportion of births closer to 50%; whereas, smaller will have larger discrepancy from value. People have difficult time with sample sizes.

Actuarial prediction (prediction in terms of group statistical trends) is superior to clinical prediction in accounting for human behavior. Statistical prediction also correctly signals that there will always be errors/uncertainties when one is predicting human behavior. (Part of behavioral outcomes is determined by chance factors).

when premises of an argument are true, conclusion is true (process of reasoning from one or more general statements regarding what is known to reach logically certain conclusion).

When premises of an argument are true, conclusion is probabilistic (process of reasoning from specific facts or observations to reach a likely conclusion that may explain the facts).

Evaluating opposing points of view to resolve differences.

Even when driving and not speeding, momentary wave of anxiety when see a police car.

Reinforcement through consequences.

Classical Conditioning.

Operant Conditioning.

Observational Learning.

New info impairs retention of Old info.

Old info impairs retention of New info.

memories prior to onset lost.

working memory.