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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the theories of template-matching and feature-detector emphasize which kind of processing?
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bottom-up
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what can influence object recognition?
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prior experience, knowledge, and context
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word superiority effect
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top-down processing helps us recognize letters within the context of a word (rather than a letter by itself)
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object superiority effect
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an effect where individual features are better recognized within the appropriate context
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why is learning new information so difficult?
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there is no prior context in which we can place it
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when you see someone and don't recognize them because it's in a different place than usual - this demonstrates what?
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object superiority effect
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phonetic restoration effect
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effect where top-down processing fills in information based on auditory context
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people hearing *eel and reporting that they have heard wheel, peel, or heel when paired with different sentences is an example of what?
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phonetic restoration effect
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letter restoration effect
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ambiguous letter-like symbols are interpreted differently based on context
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data-driven is another word for what?
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bottom-up processing
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what are the reasons that our cognitive system needs memory?
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learning, integration across space and time, recognition, inference
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explain integration across space and time
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we have a consistent sense of a seamless world (scene perception)
we can put together sentences (speech processing) |
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what role does memory play in recognition?
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we need memory to know that something is familiar and to categorize objects
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explain inference, reasoning, and problem solving
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we use prior knowledge to make logical inferences
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errors of omission
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when we lose or omit information
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what is absentmindedness?
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the failure to get information into memory
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why does absentmindedness occur?
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it is the result of divided attention or a distraction
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explain the concept of change blindness
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failure to notice a change
this happens because we encode the gist of a situation, and not all the details |
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in-group vs out-of-group effects
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individual perception/memory processes are affected by group-based processes
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why did the college students notice a change more often in the directions experiment?
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they noticed a change in members of their own group
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what are the advantages of error of omission?
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not all details are important
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transience
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losing information over time
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what is transience?
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it is normal to remember specifics about some events but not others
memories can fade over time |
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how can you reduce transience?
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by adding more elaboration to facts (memory cues)
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blocking
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when you can't retrieve information
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the tip-of-the-tongue problem demonstrates which error of omission effect?
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blocking
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when does blocking most often happen?
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with names, because they are arbitrary and unlinked to a person's appearance
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what is the advantage of blocking?
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leaves the path free for frequent, important information
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errors of comission
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unwanted or incorrect memory
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bias
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our knowledge and beliefs bias out memory
we extract the gist, but it's colored by our present thinking |
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married people saying they were always (un)happy is an example of which error?
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comission - bias
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persistence
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when you can't forget what you wish you could
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what are the advantages of bias?
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want to use current knowledge to make sense of past experiences
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what are advantages of persistence?
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memory of traumatic events can have survival advantages
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what is PTSD an example of?
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persistence
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misattribution
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assigning memory to false sources
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critical lures
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associates that induce a false memory
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in studies with missing-object scenes, which error of commission was studied?
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misattribution, using critical lures
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what is cryptomnesia?
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inadvertent plagiarism
happens when copying word-for-word |
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what are the advantages of cryptomnesia?
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side effect of extracting the gist
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