- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Intelligence Quotient
|
systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence
|
|
intelligence test
|
diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability
|
|
abstract thinking
|
capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
|
|
fluid intelligence
|
capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
|
|
crystallized intelligence
|
accumulated kowledge of the world acquired over time
|
|
multiple intelligences
|
idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill
|
|
triarchic model
|
model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg posting three distinct types of intelligence : analytical, practical, and creative
|
|
mental age
|
age corresponding to the average individuals performance on an intelligence test
|
|
deviation IQ
|
expression of a person's IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers
|
|
eugenics
|
movement in the early twentieth century to improve a populations genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, preventing those with bad genes from reproducing, or both
|
|
association fallacy
|
error of confusing a claim's validity with the people who advocate it
|
|
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
|
most widely used intelligence test for adults today, consisting of fourteen sub tests to assess different types of mental abilities
|
|
Flynn effect
|
finding the average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately 3 points per decade
|
|
test bias
|
tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another
|
|
within-group heritability
|
extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced
|
|
between-group heritability
|
extent to which differences in a trait between groups is genetically influenced
|
|
stereo type threat
|
fear that we may confirm a negative group stereo type
|
|
sensation
|
detection of physical energy by sense organs, which then send information the brain
|
|
perception
|
the brain's interpretation of raw sensory inputs
|
|
transduction
|
the process of converting an external energy or substance into neural activity
|
|
sense receptor
|
specialized
|
|
absolute threshold
|
lowest level of a stimulus needef for the nervous system to detect a change 50% of the time
|
|
just noticeable difference
|
the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect
|
|
perceptual constancy
|
the process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions
|
|
selective attention
|
process of selecting one sensory channel and ignoring or minimizing others
|
|
brightness
|
intensity of reflected light that reaches our eyes
|
|
hue
|
color of light
|
|
cornea
|
part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus light on the retina
|
|
lens
|
part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus
|
|
accomodation
|
changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far
|
|
retina
|
membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light on the retina
|
|
fovea
|
central portion of the retina responsible for sharpness of vision
|
|
acuity
|
sharpness of vision
|
|
rods
|
receptor cells int he retina allowing us to see in low levels of light
|
|
cones
|
receptor cells int he retina allowing us to see in color
|
|
blind spot
|
part of the visual field we cant see because of an absence of rods and cones
|
|
trichromatic theory
|
idea tthat color vision is based on our sensitivity to three differnt colors
|
|
color blindness
|
inability to see some or all colors
|
|
depth perception
|
ability to judge distance and three dimensional relations
|
|
monocular depth cues
|
stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye
|
|
binocular depth cues
|
stimuli that enable us to judge depth using both eyes
|
|
audition
|
our sense of hearing
|
|
timbre
|
complexity or quality of sound that makes musical instruments, human voices, or other sources sound unique
|
|
cochlea
|
bony, spiral-shaped sense organ used for hearing
|
|
organ of corti
|
tissue containing the hair cells necessary for hearing
|
|
basilar membrane
|
membrane supporting the organ of corti and hair cells in the cochlea
|
|
olfaction
|
our sense of smell
|
|
gustation
|
our sense of taste
|
|
taste buds
|
sense receptors in the tongue that respond to sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and perhaps fat
|
|
pheromones
|
odorless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of one's species
|
|
somatosensory
|
our sense of touch, temperature, and pain
|
|
proprioception
|
our sense of body position
|
|
vestibular sense
|
our sense of equilibrium or balance
|
|
phantom pain
|
pain or discomfort felt in an amputated limb
|
|
semicircular canals
|
three fluid filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance
|
|
learning
|
change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience
|
|
habituation
|
process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
|
|
classical (Pavelovian) conditioning
|
form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response
|
|
conditioned response
|
initially neutral stimulus
|
|
acquisition
|
learning phase during which a conditioned response is established
|
|
extinction
|
gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented without unc. stimulus
|
|
spontaneous recovery
|
sudden reemergence of an exticnt conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned response
|
|
renewal effect
|
sudden reemergence of a conditioned response folowing extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired
|
|
stimulus discrimination
|
process by which conditioned stimuli are similar but not identical to the original controlled stimulus elict a conditioned repsonse
|
|
high order conditioning
|
developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus
|
|
latent inhibition
|
difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we've repeatedly experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stimulus
|
|
fetishism
|
sexual attraction to non-living things
|
|
pseudoconditioning
|
an apparent conditioned response that actually turns out to be an unconditioned response to the conditioned stimulus
|
|
operant conditioning
|
learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior
|
|
law of effect
|
principle asserting if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to elicit the behavior in the future
|
|
insight
|
grasping the nature of a problem
|
|
skinner box
|
small animal chamber constructed by skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised
|
|
reinforcement
|
outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability
|
|
positive reinforcement
|
positive outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior
|
|
negative reinforcement
|
removal of a negative outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior
|
|
punishment
|
outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior
|
|
Discriminant stimulus
|
stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement
|
|
partial reinforcement
|
only occasional reinforcement of a behavior resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually
|
|
schedule of reinforcement
|
pattern of reinforcing a behavior
|
|
fixed ratio schedule
|
pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses
|
|
fixed interval schedule
|
pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval
|
|
variable ratio schedule
|
pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly
|
|
variable interval schedule
|
pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response following an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly
|
|
shaping by successive approximations
|
conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target
|
|
premack principle
|
principle that a less frequently performed behavior can be increased in frequency by reinforcing it with a more frequent behavior
|
|
secondary reinforcers
|
neutral objects that people can trade in for reinforcers themselves
|
|
primary reinforcers
|
items or outcomes that are naturally pleasureable
|
|
latent learning
|
learning that's not directly observable
|
|
cognitive maps
|
mental representations of how a physical space is organized
|
|
observational learning
|
learning by watching others
|
|
mirror neurons
|
cells in the prefrontal cortex that become activated by specific motions when an animal both performs, and observes that action
|
|
equipotentiality
|
assumption that any conditioned stimulus can be associated equally well with any unconditioned stimulus
|
|
preparedness
|
evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival time
|
|
instinctive drift
|
tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement
|
|
memory
|
retention of information over time
|
|
span
|
how much information a memory system can retain
|
|
duration
|
length of time for which a memory system can retain information
|
|
sensory memory
|
brief storage of perceptual information
|
|
iconic memory
|
visual sensory memory
|
|
echoic memory
|
auditory sensory memory
|
|
short term memory
|
memory system that retains information for limited durations
|
|
decay
|
fading of information from memory
|
|
interference
|
loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information
|
|
retroactive inhibition
|
interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information
|
|
proactive inhibition
|
interference with acquisition of new information due to the previous learning of information
|
|
chunking
|
organizing information into meaningful groupings allowing us to extend the span of short term memory
|
|
rehearsal
|
repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory
|
|
maintenance rehearsal
|
repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory
|
|
elaborative rehearsal
|
linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve the retention of information in short term memory
|
