- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Impiricism
|
Testing ideas against experience; scientific experiments use this approach
|
|
Rationalism
|
Testing ideas against known truth
|
|
Experimental Research
|
Only research from which you can draw strong causal conclusions
Researchers controls factors that allow causal conclusion to occur |
|
Scientific Method
|
Hypothesis, prediction, experimental design, test, results, analysis
|
|
Hypothesis
|
Guess about what is going on
|
|
Prediction
|
What should happen if hypothesis is correct
|
|
Experimental Design
|
Independent and dependent variables, experimental groups (manipulation) and control group (no manipulation)
|
|
Independent Variable
|
What the experimenter manipulates/controls in the experiment
|
|
Dependent Variable
|
The measurement of what happens as a result of the independent variable
The measurement of what the subject does; depends on how the causal factor is manipulated |
|
Extraneous Variables
|
Also: Confounding Variables, Nuisance Variables
Outside factors that the researcher cannot control |
|
Correlational Research
|
When experimental research is too limited or impossible; find well-established evidence about correlations between factors
|
|
Positive Correlation
|
When A increases, B increases
When A decreases, B decreases |
|
Negative Correlation
|
When A increases, B decreases
When A decreases, B increases |
|
Zero Correlation
|
Factors vary independently of each other
|
|
What are some limitations of scientific experiments?
|
Technology, morals/ethics, situation simplified to the point of uselessness in lab, some circumstances are impossible to replicate in a lab
|
|
Why are correlational conclusions different than causal conclusions?
|
Correlational conclusions do not indicate particular correlation. Does A cause B? Does B cause A? Does C cause A and B?
|
|
Third Variable Problem
|
In correlational research, a third variable may be affecting factors
|
|
Neuron
|
Cell that receives information from many neurons, integrates the information, and transmits it to other neurons in one output
|
|
Sensory Neurons
|
Receive information from external world and pass information to other neurons
|
|
Motor Neurons
|
Trigger muscle contraction
|
|
Dendrites
|
Part of neuron that receive information
|
|
Axon
|
Part of neuron that transmits impulse, has selectively permeable membrane that keeps positive charged ions (Na) out and negative ions (K) in. Ends in terminal buttons.
|
|
Myelin Sheath
|
Insulates axon with Schwann Cells to speed up nerve impulse transition
|
|
What happens with the neuron at rest?
|
The cell membrane is polarized. Inside has a slightly negative charge, outside has a slightly positive charge.
|
|
Resting Potential
|
-70 miliVolts
|
|
What are the functions of neurons?
|
Accept input, integrate information, generate output
|
|
Soma
|
Cell body, contains nucleus and dendrites
|
|
Neurotransmitters
|
Chemicals transmitted between neurons in vesicles, affect behavior. Receiving neuron has receptors of neurotransmitters
|
|
Action Potential
|
Resting potential > Threshold > Depolarization (rising phase) > Repolarization (falling phase) > Hyperpolarization (refractory period)
|
|
All or Nothing Response
|
Neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all
|
|
Endorphin
|
Pain control, slow heart and metabolic rate, similar to optiates
|
|
Dopamine
|
Too little results in Parkinson's Disease. Cannot cross Brain-Blood Barrier.
|
|
CAT Scan
|
Computerized Axialized Tomography. Can give a detailed picture of the head. Shows brain structure.
|
|
MRI
|
Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Exact and precise picture of internal structure. Shows brain structure.
|
|
EEG
|
Electroencephalogram. Picks up changes when electrons fire over small areas. Shows function of brain.
|
|
PET
|
Position Emission Topography. Brain lights up where it is burning glucose. Shows function of brain.
|
|
fMRI
|
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Shows both structure and function of brain.
|
|
Hemispheric Lateralization
|
The idea that different sides of the brain function separately but are in constant communication
|
|
Corpus Callosum
|
300 million axons connecting the right and left hemispheres of the brain
|
|
Functional Specificity
|
Different regions of the brain are responsible for different functions
|
|
Where is the part of the brain responsible for language located?
|
Left hemisphere
|
|
Where is the part of the brain responsible for spacial pattern recognition located?
|
Right hemisphere
|
|
Sensation
|
Stimulus of sensory organs by external stimuli
|
|
Perception
|
What we do with sensory information; information processing, organization
Experience of the world |
|
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
|
Make cells more negative and therefore less likely to fire; Antagonists
|
|
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
|
Cause cells to depolarize (become less negative) and therefore more likely to fire; Agonists
|
|
How do neurotransmitters work?
|
Neurotransmitters bind at receptor sites on the receiving neuron
|
|
How can neurotransmitters go wrong?
|
Production amount, problem in synapse with break-down, re-uptake from synapse, receptors blocked by other molecules such as drugs
|
|
Psychophysics
|
Objective science of psychology; How sensory systems work? How they translate to perception? What are the limits (thresholds) of senses?
|
|
Absolute Threshold
|
Intensity at which subjects are correct 50% of the time
|
|
JNDs
|
Just Noticable Differences; How much does a stimulus have to change before people can detect that a change has occured?
Measured as a constant proportion. |
|
Cornea
|
Outside covering of the eye
|
|
Pupil
|
Allows light into eye
|
|
Iris
|
Color part of eye; muscle that allows pupil to expand and contract
|
|
Lens
|
Focuses light onto retina
|
|
Retina
|
Thin layer of neurons that line the back of the eye; absorbs light; begins visual information processing (selection, abstraction, interpretation)
|
|
Photoreceptors
|
Rods and cones; located in retina; fire in response to light
|
|
Optic Nerve
|
Collection of long axons of retinal ganglion cells that lead the eye to the brain (lateral genicular nucleus); integrates information of 126 million photoreceptors to one decision of firing or not
|
|
Optic Disk
|
No photoreceptors; Blind Spot
|
|
Cones
|
Photoreceptors for light and color; not sensitive to light; produce high visual acuity; 6 million in the eye; located most densely around fovea
|
|
Rods
|
Photoreceptors for low light; extremely sensitive to light; do not process color information well; movement in low light conditions; 120 million in the eye; located along edges of retina
|
|
Fovea
|
Midpoint of retina; Cones are centrally located at fovea and density decreases away from fovea
|
|
How should one see in low light?
|
Look to the side of the object you are trying to see.
|
|
Retinal Ganglion Cells
|
Project to primary visual cortex in lateral genicular nucleus
|
|
Bipolar Cells
|
Horizontal and amarcine cells; cross-wired; refine and tune signal from eyes
|
|
What are the three information tracks of the visual system?
|
Form (cones), color (cones), and motion (rods)
|
|
Transduction
|
The process of changing sensory information into electrical signals
|
|
Which part of the brain is involved in visual processing?
|
Thalamus
|
|
Top-Down Processing
|
Processing driven by internal knowledge
|
|
Bottom-Up Processing
|
Processing primarily driven by external world
|
