Psychology 370: KU Brain and Behavior

Mulitpolar Neuron

Resting: -70
Excitation: -65

Attracts two negatively charged ions with opposite charges.

Potassium and Sodium

EPSP: depolarizes the cell
IPSP: hyperpolarizes the cell

Triggers the opening of the voltage activated potassium channels.

1. Synthesis of neurotransmitters
2. Storage in vesicles
3. Exocytosis
4. Binding/Activation
5. Deactivation

Action potential opens up voltage activated Calcium channels, Calcium enters and fuses with the presynaptic membrane, synaptic vesicle dumps contents of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft.

Metabotropic.

Agonist: ultimate effect is to increase the effects of a given NT
Antagonist: ultimate effect is to decrease the effects of a given NT

electrical stimulation is applied to the terminal end of the axon creating an action potential that will travel back to the cell body

the transmission of action potentials in meylinated axons

action potentials going in the normal direction from cell body to terminal buttons

the sum of multiple neurons firing on one neuron

the sum of one neuron firing several times rapidly on another neuron

The Pons and the cerebellum (these are separated by the fourth ventricle).

The "little brain"

The cerebellar commissure.

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and optic chiasm.

The anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.

The inside is more negatively charged than the outside.

The concentration gradient and the electrostatic gradient/electrical pressure

An influx of calcium ions.

1 - Synthesis of NTs
2 - Storage in vesicles
3 - Exocytosis
4 - Binding/Activation
5 - Deactivation

In the presynaptic terminal

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metecephalon
Myelencephalon

Myelin

Ligand

Ionotropic receptors

Metabotropic receptors

Tectum and Tegmentum

1. Inferior Colliculi - auditory
2. Superior Colliculi - visual

Periaquductal grey, substania nigra, and red nucleus

voluntary movement, interpret sensory input, and mediate cognitive processes

fleeing, fighting, feeding, and sex

Reptilian Brain, Paleomammalian Complex, Neomammalian Complex

On top of the brain stem

The Vagus nerves

It protects the CNS; it is continulously produced by the choroid plexuses.

Drain excess fluid from the ventricles.

The Cell Body

Axon hillock

Nodes of Ranvier

Synapses

Schwann Cells

Electrostatic Pressure & Concentration Gradient

Forces of random motion/diffusion that makes the particles spread out, somewhat equally across space

ECF

Protein- (anion) and K+ (Potassium)

Na+ and Cl-

Phospholipid bi-layer

Cl- and K+

Multipolar Neuron

1. Multipolar
2. Bipolar
3. Unipolar
4. Interneuron

1. Cell body/soma
2. Dendrites
3. Axon
4. Terminal Buttons

The Central and Periphreal nervous system.

The brain and the spinal cord.

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

12

The brain and spinal cord.

dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater

Gray Matter.

Brain Stem

Myelencephalon (medulla)

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Agonist & antagonist

increases the effect of a NT

decreases the effects of a NT

Reuptake & Enzymatic Degradation

Action Potential opens voltage activated calcium channels, Ca++ enters the button from synaptic cleft and fuses the synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, Synaptic vesicle dumps contents of NT into synaptic cleft.

1. The outer meninx (dura mater)
2. Arachnoid membrane
3. Pia mater

RECEIVE synaptic messages

TRANSMIT synaptic messages

Glial cells rich in myelin, with extensions that wrap around some axons.

Towards the nose

Towards the back (tail)

Towards the surface or back of the head

Towards the surface of the chest, or bottom of the head

Towards the midline of the head

Away from the body's midline

70mV of pressure pushing the Cl- in to the cell

70mV pushing Cl- out of the cell

70mV pushing Na+ into the cell

50mV pushing Na+ into the cell

90mV pushing K+ out of the cell

70mV pushing K+ into the cell

Pyramidal and Stellate cells

To send motor signals

Receiving/integrating sensory information

When the cell drops from -70mV to -65mV (depolarized)

Somatic and Autonomic

Interacts with external environment

Regulates body's internal environment

They carry sensory signals TO the central nervous system

They carry signals FROM the central nervous system to skeletal muscles

Psychological arousal

Psychological relaxation

12

1. Outer- dura matter
2. Arachnoid membrane
3. Subarachnoid space
4. Pia Matter- adheres to the surface of the CNS

Choroid Plexuses

Dural Sinuses

Non-decremental

Nodes of Ranvier

Myelin in the central nervous system

They are synthesized on ribosomes and stored in the synaptic vesicles

They can bind to a signal protein, causing part of a G protein to break off and either a) bind to an ion channel and initiate and EPSP/IPSP or b) bind to DNA as a 2nd messenger in the nucleus

Enzymatic degradation: enzymes break down certain neurotransmitters
Reuptake: neurotransmitters are re-absorbed into presynaptic neuron and recycled

Acts as an agonist on Acetylcholine and causes the contraction of the diaphragm

Receive synaptic contacts from other neurons

A system of membranes that packages molecules in the vesicles

Site of aerobic energy release

Channel proteins: allow certain molecules to pass through
Signal proteins: transfer signal to inside of neuron when protein binds with it

Glial cells with extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the CNS. These extensions create myelin sheaths that speed up axonal conduction.

Wraps around axons in the PNS with myelin.

Toward the nose end (rostral)

Toward the tail end (caudal)

Toward the surface of back of top of head

Toward the surface of chest or bottom of head

Toward the midline of the body

Away from the midline toward body's lateral surfaces

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon (the last four make up the brain stem)

Most posterior division of the brain.
Reticular formation- plays active role in arousal.

2 divisions: pons and cerebellum
Cerebellum: sensorimotor

2 divisions:
Tectum- inferior colliculi (auditory) and superior colliculi (visual function)

Tegementum

2 structures:
Thalamus- relaying sensation, spatial sense, and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness
Hypothalamus- regulation of motivated behaviors, regulating release of hormones from pituitary glands

Cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, four lobes
Mediates brain's most complex functions
-initiates voluntary movement
Mediates complex cognitive functioning

Amygdala, Hippocampus, Fornix, Cingulate Cortex, Septum, Mammiliary bodies

Vision

Analyzes sensations from body, perceiving location and directing attention

Hearing, visual patterns, memory

Motor and higher level cognition

Amygdala

An action potential changes the voltage in the terminal buttons, opening up a Ca++ channel that allows the vesicles to bind to the presynaptic membrane where they dump the NT's into the synapse. The NT's then bind to receptors on the postysynaptic membrane which either excites or inhibits the neuron.

A NT binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane, which triggers the opening of Na+ channels that allow Na+ to rush in and depolarize the cell, reaching the threshold of excitation, which leads the cell to fire an action potential.

A NT binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane, which triggers the opening of a Cl- channel that allows Cl- to rush into the cell, or the opening of a K+ channel which allows K+ to leave the cell, hyperpolarizing the cell and inhibiting it from firing an action potential.

An acetylcholine agonist that is the primary toxin in tobacco. It takes on the shape of Ach molecules and binds to Ach receptors.

Yes, their amplitude is proportional to the intensity of the signals. They are also decremental.

When EPSP/IPSP's on different parts of the membrane are summed together.

When post-synaptic potentials are fired rapidly in succession they add together to be more powerful.

That action potentials travel in one direction and that the rate of neural firing is related to the intensity of stimulation.

Post-synaptic potentials

Saltatory conduction, and it is faster.

Receptors associated with signal proteins and G proteins

They are metabotropic receptors that
1. bind to their own neuron's neurotransmitters
2. located on the presynaptic membrane
-monitor levels of NT, stop release when levels are too high, start release when levels are too low.

Glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA

A schwann cell is found in the PNS, while oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS.

Glutamate and Acetylcholine

GABA and glycine

Nicotine mimics acetylcholine and binds to the cholinergic receptor on dopamine neurons and greatly increases dopamine receptor activation.

Alcohol binds to GABA receptor and overstimulates a Cl- channel and also interferes with glutamate's ability to bind with glutamate NMDA receptors.

A schwann cell is found in the PNS, while oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS.

Glutamate and Acetylcholine

GABA and glycine

Nicotine mimics acetylcholine and binds to the cholinergic receptor on dopamine neurons and greatly increases dopamine receptor activation.

Alcohol binds to GABA receptor and overstimulates a Cl- channel and also interferes with glutamate's ability to bind with glutamate NMDA receptors.

patients whose left and right hemispheres have been separated by commissurotomy

deficit produced by brain damage in the ability to produce or comprehend language

inferior prefrontal cortex of left hemisphere. a.k.a. Broca's area

deficit in performing movements when asked to perform them out of context

theory that one hemisphere assumes dominant role in cognitive processes

Left

corpus callosum

area of blindness

sodium amytal test, dichotic listening test, unilateral lesions, functional brain imaging, split-brain studies

Speech, Words/Letters, Ipsilateral Movement, Verbal memory, Arithmetic, Reading, Writing

Emotional content, understanding spatial contexts, recognizing faces/emotional expression, geometry, Musical ability

area of the frontal lobe cortex that lies just in front of the face area of the primary motor cortex and holds to Broca's area

area of the temporal lobe cortex that is in the back of the lateral fissure; also known as Wernicke's area; involved in language comprehension

area of the temporal lobe cortex that is in the lateral fissure anterior to the planum temporale; serves as the primary auditory cortex

planum temporale

20%

tumors that grow within their own membrane

tumors that grow diffusely through surrounding tissue; usually malignant

tumors that grow on nerves or tracts

area of dead or dying tissue caused by a stroke

Intracellular electrodes

Concentration gradient & electrostatic pressure

This means that the amplitudes of responses are proportional to the intensity of the signals that elicit them

It is rapid (fast) & decremental (decreases in amplitude as it travels)

No, they are all or none responses