Psychology Final Review Flash Cards

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Title: Psychology Final Review
Description: Introduction to Psychology
Number of Cards: 160
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Author: alfonsomoreno37
Created: 2011-05-07
Tags: hcc psychology;
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    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • Define psychology
    • the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
    • What are the 4 goals of psychology?
    • 1. Describe
      2. Explain
      3. Predict
      4. Control (influence)
    • What are the 4 descriptive research methods?
    • 1. naturalistic observation
      2. laboratory observation
      3. case study
      4. survey research
    • What is a naturalistic observation?
    • observation an record of behavior in it's natural form
    • What is a laboratory observation?
    • observation and record of behavior in a lab (more controlled)
    • What is a case study?
    • a depth study with one or a few participants to provide a description of behavior or disorder
    • What is a survey research?
    • interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information
    • What is the experimental method?
    • direct way to test a hypothesis about a cause and effect between factors
    • What is the independent variable?
    • controlled by the experimentor
    • What is the dependent variable?
    • the other is observed and measured
    • What is the correlation method?
    • to establish the relationship between two characteristics, events or behaviors
    • What is the main ethic of psychology research?
    • written consent
    • What are the sensory neurons?
    • input from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord
    • What are the motor neurons?
    • output from the brain and spinal cord to the muscle and glands
    • What are the interneurons?
    • carry information between and to other neurons; only found in the brain and spinal cord; also most numerous
    • What are the neurotransmitor?
    • chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell accross a synapse
    • What is the Acetylcholine neurotransmittor?
    • very IMPORTANT; keeps heart from beating too fast; involved in learning and memory
    • What is the Dopamine neurotransmittor?
    • invovled in movement, attention and learning; imbalance or loss results in schizophrenia or Parkinson's
    • What is the Serotonin neurotransmittor?
    • plays role in appetite, sleep, regulating mood, aggression, and impulsivity
    • What is the GABA neurotransmittor?
    • the main inhibitory neurotransmittor; Huntington's disease
    • What is the Glutamate neurotransmittor?
    • the main excitatory neurotransmittor
    • What is the Norepinephrine neurotransmittor?
    • plays role in alterness, sleep, eating, arousal, flight or fight response
    • What is the brain stem?
    • very IMPORTANT; internal physiological state of the body
    • What is the cerebellum?
    • coordinates movements, balance, and posture
    • What is the hypothalamus?
    • regulates eating, drinking, sexual arousal, and body temperature
    • What it the limbic system?
    • regulates motives, drives feelings
    • What is the cerebral cortex?
    • makes up 2/3 of brain; highly developed; plays role in thinking, perceiving, producing, and understanding language
    • What and where is the primary motor cortex?
    • found in frontal lobe; plays role in speech production
    • What and where is the the auditory cortex?
    • found in the temporal lobe; plays role in understanding meaningful speech
    • What and where is the somatosensory cortex?
    • found in the parietal lobe; plays role in processing sensory information
    • What is the function of the frontal lobe?
    • planning, decision making, motor movements, personality regulation, and seeking goals
    • What is the function of the parietal lobe?
    • process sensory information (touch, pain, locations of limbs, and temperature)
    • What is the function of the temporal lobe?
    • primary job is to make sense of what you hear
    • What is the function of the occipital lobe?
    • process visiual information
    • What is an EEG?
    • records brain wave activity
      Beta (mental and physical)
      Alpha (deep relaxation)
      Delta (deep sleep)
    • What is a CT scan?
    • cross sectional images (using radiation)
    • What is a MRI scan?
    • high-resolution images (non radiation)
    • What is a PET scan?
    • maps blood flow, oxygen, glucose consuption
    • What is the CNS (central nervous system)?
    • consists of brain and spinal cord
    • What is the spinal cord?
    • connects brain and PNS
    • What is the PNS (peripheral nervous system)?
    • carries messages to and from CNS
    • PNS subdivisions
    • somatic nervous system
      autonomic nervous system
    • What is the SNS?
    • controls voluntary muscle and transmits sensory info to CNS
    • What is the ANS?
    • controls involuntary movements
    • What are the ANS subdivisions?
    • sympathetic nervous system
      parasympathetic nervous system
    • What is the Sympathetic NS?
    • arouses body for action
    • What is the Parasympathetic NS?
    • calms body to conserve and maintain energy
    • What is the Endorcrine system?
    • system of glands which secretes a type of hormone(s) directly into the bloodstream
    • What is learning?
    • a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
    • What was Pavlov's experiment?
    • the dog salivating on the sound of the bell
    • What is the unconditional response (UCR)?
    • a response that is evoked by unconditioned stimulus without prior learning
    • What is the unconditional stimulus (UCS)?
    • a stimulus that evokes a specific unconditional response without prior learning
    • What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
    • a neutral stimulus (at first) that after repeated pairing with an unconditional stimulus, becomes associated with it and evokes a conditional response
    • What is the conditional response (CR)?
    • the learning response that comes to be evoked by a conditional stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
    • What is generalization for classical conditioning?
    • making a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
    • What is generalization for operant conditioning?
    • making the learned response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was orginially reinforced
    • What is spontaneous recovery?
    • reappearance of an extinguished response (in a weaker form) after exposure to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period
    • What is operant conditioning?
    • learning via reinforcement and/or punishment
    • What is negative reinforcement?
    • removal of an aversive stimulus that increases the occurrence of a behavior
    • What is positive reinforcement?
    • presentation of a stimulus that increase the occurrence of behavior
    • What is punishment?
    • stop or decrease the occurrence of a behavior
    • What is observational learning?
    • learning by observing others
    • What is memory?
    • the ability to retain information overtime using Encoding, Storing, and Retrieving
    • What is encoding?
    • making mental representation of information so we can place it into your memories
    • What is storing?
    • placing encoded information into relatively permanent storage for later (process of maintaining the information in memory)
    • What is retrieving?
    • recalling information that has been stored in a short-term or long-term storage (bringing the information to mind)
    • What is the function of sensory memory?
    • holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics
    • What is the capacity of sensory memory?
    • large (it can hold many items at once)
    • What is the duration of sensory memory?
    • very brief retention of images
      3 seconds for visual info
      2 seconds for auditory info
    • What is the function of short-term memory?
    • conscious processing of information (where information is actively worked on)
    • What is the capacity of short-term memory?
    • limited (it holds 7 to 9 times)
    • What is the duration of short-term memory?
    • brief storage (about 30 seconds)
    • What is the function of long-term memory?
    • organizes and stores information (more passive form of storage than working memory)
    • What is the capacity of long-term memory?
    • unlimited
    • What is the duration of long-term memory?
    • thought by some to be permanent