Psychology Final Review Flash Cards

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Title:	Psychology Final Review
Description:	Introduction to Psychology
Number of Cards:	160
Save Count:	0
Author:	alfonsomoreno37
Created:	2011-05-07
Tags:	hcc psychology;
Private	No

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- Question
- Answer
- Side 3

- Define psychology
- the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
- What are the 4 goals of psychology?
- 1. Describe
  2. Explain
  3. Predict
  4. Control (influence)
- What are the 4 descriptive research methods?
- 1. naturalistic observation
  2. laboratory observation
  3. case study
  4. survey research
- What is a naturalistic observation?
- observation an record of behavior in it's natural form
- What is a laboratory observation?
- observation and record of behavior in a lab (more controlled)
- What is a case study?
- a depth study with one or a few participants to provide a description of behavior or disorder
- What is a survey research?
- interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information
- What is the experimental method?
- direct way to test a hypothesis about a cause and effect between factors
- What is the independent variable?
- controlled by the experimentor
- What is the dependent variable?
- the other is observed and measured
- What is the correlation method?
- to establish the relationship between two characteristics, events or behaviors
- What is the main ethic of psychology research?
- written consent
- What are the sensory neurons?
- input from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord
- What are the motor neurons?
- output from the brain and spinal cord to the muscle and glands
- What are the interneurons?
- carry information between and to other neurons; only found in the brain and spinal cord; also most numerous
- What are the neurotransmitor?
- chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell accross a synapse
- What is the Acetylcholine neurotransmittor?
- very IMPORTANT; keeps heart from beating too fast; involved in learning and memory
- What is the Dopamine neurotransmittor?
- invovled in movement, attention and learning; imbalance or loss results in schizophrenia or Parkinson's
- What is the Serotonin neurotransmittor?
- plays role in appetite, sleep, regulating mood, aggression, and impulsivity
- What is the GABA neurotransmittor?
- the main inhibitory neurotransmittor; Huntington's disease
- What is the Glutamate neurotransmittor?
- the main excitatory neurotransmittor
- What is the Norepinephrine neurotransmittor?
- plays role in alterness, sleep, eating, arousal, flight or fight response
- What is the brain stem?
- very IMPORTANT; internal physiological state of the body
- What is the cerebellum?
- coordinates movements, balance, and posture
- What is the hypothalamus?
- regulates eating, drinking, sexual arousal, and body temperature
- What it the limbic system?
- regulates motives, drives feelings
- What is the cerebral cortex?
- makes up 2/3 of brain; highly developed; plays role in thinking, perceiving, producing, and understanding language
- What and where is the primary motor cortex?
- found in frontal lobe; plays role in speech production
- What and where is the the auditory cortex?
- found in the temporal lobe; plays role in understanding meaningful speech
- What and where is the somatosensory cortex?
- found in the parietal lobe; plays role in processing sensory information
- What is the function of the frontal lobe?
- planning, decision making, motor movements, personality regulation, and seeking goals
- What is the function of the parietal lobe?
- process sensory information (touch, pain, locations of limbs, and temperature)
- What is the function of the temporal lobe?
- primary job is to make sense of what you hear
- What is the function of the occipital lobe?
- process visiual information
- What is an EEG?
- records brain wave activity
  Beta (mental and physical)
  Alpha (deep relaxation)
  Delta (deep sleep)
- What is a CT scan?
- cross sectional images (using radiation)
- What is a MRI scan?
- high-resolution images (non radiation)
- What is a PET scan?
- maps blood flow, oxygen, glucose consuption
- What is the CNS (central nervous system)?
- consists of brain and spinal cord
- What is the spinal cord?
- connects brain and PNS
- What is the PNS (peripheral nervous system)?
- carries messages to and from CNS
- PNS subdivisions
- somatic nervous system
  autonomic nervous system
- What is the SNS?
- controls voluntary muscle and transmits sensory info to CNS
- What is the ANS?
- controls involuntary movements
- What are the ANS subdivisions?
- sympathetic nervous system
  parasympathetic nervous system
- What is the Sympathetic NS?
- arouses body for action
- What is the Parasympathetic NS?
- calms body to conserve and maintain energy
- What is the Endorcrine system?
- system of glands which secretes a type of hormone(s) directly into the bloodstream
- What is learning?
- a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
- What was Pavlov's experiment?
- the dog salivating on the sound of the bell
- What is the unconditional response (UCR)?
- a response that is evoked by unconditioned stimulus without prior learning
- What is the unconditional stimulus (UCS)?
- a stimulus that evokes a specific unconditional response without prior learning
- What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
- a neutral stimulus (at first) that after repeated pairing with an unconditional stimulus, becomes associated with it and evokes a conditional response
- What is the conditional response (CR)?
- the learning response that comes to be evoked by a conditional stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
- What is generalization for classical conditioning?
- making a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
- What is generalization for operant conditioning?
- making the learned response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was orginially reinforced
- What is spontaneous recovery?
- reappearance of an extinguished response (in a weaker form) after exposure to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period
- What is operant conditioning?
- learning via reinforcement and/or punishment
- What is negative reinforcement?
- removal of an aversive stimulus that increases the occurrence of a behavior
- What is positive reinforcement?
- presentation of a stimulus that increase the occurrence of behavior
- What is punishment?
- stop or decrease the occurrence of a behavior
- What is observational learning?
- learning by observing others
- What is memory?
- the ability to retain information overtime using Encoding, Storing, and Retrieving
- What is encoding?
- making mental representation of information so we can place it into your memories
- What is storing?
- placing encoded information into relatively permanent storage for later (process of maintaining the information in memory)
- What is retrieving?
- recalling information that has been stored in a short-term or long-term storage (bringing the information to mind)
- What is the function of sensory memory?
- holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics
- What is the capacity of sensory memory?
- large (it can hold many items at once)
- What is the duration of sensory memory?
- very brief retention of images
  3 seconds for visual info
  2 seconds for auditory info
- What is the function of short-term memory?
- conscious processing of information (where information is actively worked on)
- What is the capacity of short-term memory?
- limited (it holds 7 to 9 times)
- What is the duration of short-term memory?
- brief storage (about 30 seconds)
- What is the function of long-term memory?
- organizes and stores information (more passive form of storage than working memory)
- What is the capacity of long-term memory?
- unlimited
- What is the duration of long-term memory?
- thought by some to be permanent