Psychology GRE

Learning
-every correct response is met with some form of reinforcement.
-facilitates the quickest learning but is also the most fragile (animal stops performing when rewards stop)

Learning
-CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (Pavlovian Conditioning)
-1st famous winner of Nobel Prize for work with dogs and digestion
-food (US) ---> salivate (UR)
feet (CS) --> salivate (CR)

Learning
-not all correct responses are reinforced
-longer learning time, but behaviors are more resistant to extinction
- 4 types: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval

Learning
-Kurt Lewin
-forerunner of behaviorism
-Association is grouping things together based on the fact that they occur together in time and space.
-Organisms associate certain behaviors with certain rewards and certain cues with certain situations.
(later proved by Pavlov)

Learning
-rewards come after the passage of a certain amount of time, regardless of behavior
- does little to motivate an animal's behavior
- ex. Salaries and Tenure

Learning
THEORY of ASSOCIATION
-forerunner of behaviorism
-grouping based on time and space.

Learning
-reinforcement delivered after a certain number of responses.
- vulnerable to extinction when rewards stop coming as scheduled
- rats and drugs in Skinner box

Learning
-Pavlov
-organism learns to respond to a neutral stimulus by pairing it with an unneutral stimulus
- Unconditioned Stimulus --> Unconditioned Response
-Conditioned Stimulus
--> Conditioned Response
-(US) and (CS) are paired in time and space

Learning
-B.F. Skinner and Operant Cond.
-Initial rewards for getting closer to the desired behavior until that behavior is reached.

Learning
-Expanded on Pavlov's ideas
-founded school of BEHAVIORISM
-everything can be explained by stimulus - response chains (Classic Conditioning)
-only objective and observable elements are of importance.

Learning
-artificial mini-economy found in prisons, rehab centers and mental hospitals.
-individuals are motivated by secondary reinforcements (tokens) which can be exchanged for primary reinforcers (cigarettes, privileges)

Learning
-OPERANT CONDITIONING
behavior influenced primarily through reinforcement (Thorndike and cause and effect)
-used rats and the Skinner box in a classic stereotype of psych study
*proved animals are influenced by reinforcement
-books: Walden Two and Beyond Freedom and Dignity. discuss control of human behavior.

Learning
-reinforcement after differing number of correct responses
- longest learning time
-least likely to be extinguished
- ex. Slot Machines
(ratio cannot be predicted)

Learning
Law of Effect: precursor of operant conditioning.
cause and effect chain of behavior revolving around reinforcement. (do what rewards and don't do what doesn't)

Learning
-rewards are given after differing time periods.
-2nd most effective strategy for maintaining behavior
-ex. waiting for the bus

Learning
-the US and the CS are presented at the same time
-type of Classical Cond.

Learning
- removal of something negative that increases the liklihood of a particular response.
ex. stop shock when lever is pushed, no chores for good behavior

Learning
-Conditioning technique
-previous CS now acts as US.
ex. 1st: food = US and
feet = CS
2nd: feet = US and
bell = CS

Learning
-A learned reinforcer
ex. money, awards, token
economy, prestige

Learning
-Pairing of the CS and US in Classical Cond. where the CS is presented BEFORE the US.
-2 Types: Delayed Cond.
Trace Cond.

Learning
-A Natural Reinforcement: reinforced on its own without the requirement of learning
ex. Food and Water

-A type of Forward Conditioning, which is a type of Classical Cond.
-The CS is presented and terminated before the US is presented

Learning
-Giving Something: reward or positive event that acts as a stimulus to increase the liklihood of a particular response
ex. treat, affection, praise

-type of Classical Cond. in which the CS is presented AFTER the US.
-Ineffective
-Causes Inhibitory Conditioning: less liklihood of the US and CS being paired even if presented Forward.

-harder time in pairing the US and CS, created in Backward Conditioning

-A type of Forward Conditioning, which is a type of Classical Cond.
- The presentation of the CS begins before that of the US and lasts until the US is presented

the relatively permanent or stable changes in behavior as the result of experience.

E.L Thorndike, Kurt Lewin, Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F Skinner

Learning
-B.F. Skinner
-aims to influence response through reinforcement strategies.
-1st experiment: Skinner Box (rats with levers, press lever and get food)
-uses process of shaping or differential reinforcement of successive approximations (rewards for moving closer to lever)

Learning
-E.L. Thorndike
-precursor of operant conditioning
-cause and effect chain of behavior revolving around reinforcement
-Individuals do what rewards them and stop doing what doesn't