Psychology GRE Flash Cards

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Title:	Psychology GRE
Description:	Psychology GRE: Learning, Memory, Cognition, Perception, Ethology,Comparative Psychology, Sensation, Physiological, Clinical, Abnormal, Developmental, Personality, Social, History, Applied, Measurement, Research Design, Statistics
Number of Cards:	29
Save Count:	34
Author:	nicoleks13
Created:	2002-07-17
Tags:	gre
Private	No

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- Question
- Answer
- Side 3

- Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
- Learning
  -every correct response is met with some form of reinforcement.
  -facilitates the quickest learning but is also the most fragile (animal stops performing when rewards stop)
- Ivan Pavlov
- Learning
  -CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (Pavlovian Conditioning)
  -1st famous winner of Nobel Prize for work with dogs and digestion
  -food (US) ---> salivate (UR)
  feet (CS) --> salivate (CR)
- Partial Reinforcement Schedule
- Learning
  -not all correct responses are reinforced
  -longer learning time, but behaviors are more resistant to extinction
  - 4 types: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval
- Theory of Association
- Learning
  -Kurt Lewin
  -forerunner of behaviorism
  -Association is grouping things together based on the fact that they occur together in time and space.
  -Organisms associate certain behaviors with certain rewards and certain cues with certain situations.
  (later proved by Pavlov)
- Fixed Interval Schedule
- Learning
  -rewards come after the passage of a certain amount of time, regardless of behavior
  - does little to motivate an animal's behavior
  - ex. Salaries and Tenure
- Kurt Lewin
- Learning
  THEORY of ASSOCIATION
  -forerunner of behaviorism
  -grouping based on time and space.
- Fixed Ratio Schedule
- Learning
  -reinforcement delivered after a certain number of responses.
  - vulnerable to extinction when rewards stop coming as scheduled
  - rats and drugs in Skinner box
- Classical Conditioning
- Learning
  -Pavlov
  -organism learns to respond to a neutral stimulus by pairing it with an unneutral stimulus
  - Unconditioned Stimulus --> Unconditioned Response
  -Conditioned Stimulus
  --> Conditioned Response
  -(US) and (CS) are paired in time and space
- Shaping or Differential Reinforcement of Successive Approximations
- Learning
  -B.F. Skinner and Operant Cond.
  -Initial rewards for getting closer to the desired behavior until that behavior is reached.
- John B. Watson
- Learning
  -Expanded on Pavlov's ideas
  -founded school of BEHAVIORISM
  -everything can be explained by stimulus - response chains (Classic Conditioning)
  -only objective and observable elements are of importance.
- Token Economy
- Learning
  -artificial mini-economy found in prisons, rehab centers and mental hospitals.
  -individuals are motivated by secondary reinforcements (tokens) which can be exchanged for primary reinforcers (cigarettes, privileges)
- B.F. Skinner
- Learning
  -OPERANT CONDITIONING
  behavior influenced primarily through reinforcement (Thorndike and cause and effect)
  -used rats and the Skinner box in a classic stereotype of psych study
  *proved animals are influenced by reinforcement
  -books: Walden Two and Beyond Freedom and Dignity. discuss control of human behavior.
- Variable Ratio Schedule
- Learning
  -reinforcement after differing number of correct responses
  - longest learning time
  -least likely to be extinguished
  - ex. Slot Machines
  (ratio cannot be predicted)
- E.L. Thorndike
- Learning
  Law of Effect: precursor of operant conditioning.
  cause and effect chain of behavior revolving around reinforcement. (do what rewards and don't do what doesn't)
- Variable Interval Schedule
- Learning
  -rewards are given after differing time periods.
  -2nd most effective strategy for maintaining behavior
  -ex. waiting for the bus
- Simultaneous Conditioning
- Learning
  -the US and the CS are presented at the same time
  -type of Classical Cond.
- Negative Reinforcement
- Learning
  - removal of something negative that increases the liklihood of a particular response.
  ex. stop shock when lever is pushed, no chores for good behavior
- Higher-order / Second-order Conditioning
- Learning
  -Conditioning technique
  -previous CS now acts as US.
  ex. 1st: food = US and
  feet = CS
  2nd: feet = US and
  bell = CS
- Secondary Reinforcement
- Learning
  -A learned reinforcer
  ex. money, awards, token
  economy, prestige
- Forward Conditioning
- Learning
  -Pairing of the CS and US in Classical Cond. where the CS is presented BEFORE the US.
  -2 Types: Delayed Cond.
  Trace Cond.
- Primary Reinforcement
- Learning
  -A Natural Reinforcement: reinforced on its own without the requirement of learning
  ex. Food and Water
- Trace Conditioning
- -A type of Forward Conditioning, which is a type of Classical Cond.
  -The CS is presented and terminated before the US is presented
- Positive Reinforcement
- Learning
  -Giving Something: reward or positive event that acts as a stimulus to increase the liklihood of a particular response
  ex. treat, affection, praise
- Backward Conditioning
- -type of Classical Cond. in which the CS is presented AFTER the US.
  -Ineffective
  -Causes Inhibitory Conditioning: less liklihood of the US and CS being paired even if presented Forward.
- Inhibitory Conditioning
- -harder time in pairing the US and CS, created in Backward Conditioning
- Delayed Conditioning
- -A type of Forward Conditioning, which is a type of Classical Cond.
  - The presentation of the CS begins before that of the US and lasts until the US is presented
- Learning
- the relatively permanent or stable changes in behavior as the result of experience.
  
  E.L Thorndike, Kurt Lewin, Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F Skinner
- Operant Conditioning
- Learning
  -B.F. Skinner
  -aims to influence response through reinforcement strategies.
  -1st experiment: Skinner Box (rats with levers, press lever and get food)
  -uses process of shaping or differential reinforcement of successive approximations (rewards for moving closer to lever)
- Law of Effect
- Learning
  -E.L. Thorndike
  -precursor of operant conditioning
  -cause and effect chain of behavior revolving around reinforcement
  -Individuals do what rewards them and stop doing what doesn't