Psychology GRE Flash Cards

Play Memory | Create Card File | Append to Card File
Title: Psychology GRE
Description: Psychology GRE:
Learning, Memory, Cognition, Perception, Ethology,Comparative Psychology, Sensation, Physiological, Clinical, Abnormal, Developmental, Personality, Social, History, Applied, Measurement, Research Design, Statistics
Number of Cards: 29
Save Count: 34
Author: nicoleks13
Created: 2002-07-17
Tags: gre
Private No

Save Count represents the number of people who have saved this card set to their flashcard list. Consider this an endorsement!

    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
    • Learning
      -every correct response is met with some form of reinforcement.
      -facilitates the quickest learning but is also the most fragile (animal stops performing when rewards stop)
    • Ivan Pavlov
    • Learning
      -CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (Pavlovian Conditioning)
      -1st famous winner of Nobel Prize for work with dogs and digestion
      -food (US) ---> salivate (UR)
      feet (CS) --> salivate (CR)
    • Partial Reinforcement Schedule
    • Learning
      -not all correct responses are reinforced
      -longer learning time, but behaviors are more resistant to extinction
      - 4 types: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval
    • Theory of Association
    • Learning
      -Kurt Lewin
      -forerunner of behaviorism
      -Association is grouping things together based on the fact that they occur together in time and space.
      -Organisms associate certain behaviors with certain rewards and certain cues with certain situations.
      (later proved by Pavlov)
    • Fixed Interval Schedule
    • Learning
      -rewards come after the passage of a certain amount of time, regardless of behavior
      - does little to motivate an animal's behavior
      - ex. Salaries and Tenure
    • Kurt Lewin
    • Learning
      THEORY of ASSOCIATION
      -forerunner of behaviorism
      -grouping based on time and space.
    • Fixed Ratio Schedule
    • Learning
      -reinforcement delivered after a certain number of responses.
      - vulnerable to extinction when rewards stop coming as scheduled
      - rats and drugs in Skinner box
    • Classical Conditioning
    • Learning
      -Pavlov
      -organism learns to respond to a neutral stimulus by pairing it with an unneutral stimulus
      - Unconditioned Stimulus --> Unconditioned Response
      -Conditioned Stimulus
      --> Conditioned Response
      -(US) and (CS) are paired in time and space
    • Shaping or Differential Reinforcement of Successive Approximations
    • Learning
      -B.F. Skinner and Operant Cond.
      -Initial rewards for getting closer to the desired behavior until that behavior is reached.
    • John B. Watson
    • Learning
      -Expanded on Pavlov's ideas
      -founded school of BEHAVIORISM
      -everything can be explained by stimulus - response chains (Classic Conditioning)
      -only objective and observable elements are of importance.
    • Token Economy
    • Learning
      -artificial mini-economy found in prisons, rehab centers and mental hospitals.
      -individuals are motivated by secondary reinforcements (tokens) which can be exchanged for primary reinforcers (cigarettes, privileges)
    • B.F. Skinner
    • Learning
      -OPERANT CONDITIONING
      behavior influenced primarily through reinforcement (Thorndike and cause and effect)
      -used rats and the Skinner box in a classic stereotype of psych study
      *proved animals are influenced by reinforcement
      -books: Walden Two and Beyond Freedom and Dignity. discuss control of human behavior.
    • Variable Ratio Schedule
    • Learning
      -reinforcement after differing number of correct responses
      - longest learning time
      -least likely to be extinguished
      - ex. Slot Machines
      (ratio cannot be predicted)
    • E.L. Thorndike
    • Learning
      Law of Effect: precursor of operant conditioning.
      cause and effect chain of behavior revolving around reinforcement. (do what rewards and don't do what doesn't)
    • Variable Interval Schedule
    • Learning
      -rewards are given after differing time periods.
      -2nd most effective strategy for maintaining behavior
      -ex. waiting for the bus
    • Simultaneous Conditioning
    • Learning
      -the US and the CS are presented at the same time
      -type of Classical Cond.
    • Negative Reinforcement
    • Learning
      - removal of something negative that increases the liklihood of a particular response.
      ex. stop shock when lever is pushed, no chores for good behavior
    • Higher-order / Second-order Conditioning
    • Learning
      -Conditioning technique
      -previous CS now acts as US.
      ex. 1st: food = US and
      feet = CS
      2nd: feet = US and
      bell = CS
    • Secondary Reinforcement
    • Learning
      -A learned reinforcer
      ex. money, awards, token
      economy, prestige
    • Forward Conditioning
    • Learning
      -Pairing of the CS and US in Classical Cond. where the CS is presented BEFORE the US.
      -2 Types: Delayed Cond.
      Trace Cond.
    • Primary Reinforcement
    • Learning
      -A Natural Reinforcement: reinforced on its own without the requirement of learning
      ex. Food and Water
    • Trace Conditioning
    • -A type of Forward Conditioning, which is a type of Classical Cond.
      -The CS is presented and terminated before the US is presented
    • Positive Reinforcement
    • Learning
      -Giving Something: reward or positive event that acts as a stimulus to increase the liklihood of a particular response
      ex. treat, affection, praise
    • Backward Conditioning
    • -type of Classical Cond. in which the CS is presented AFTER the US.
      -Ineffective
      -Causes Inhibitory Conditioning: less liklihood of the US and CS being paired even if presented Forward.
    • Inhibitory Conditioning
    • -harder time in pairing the US and CS, created in Backward Conditioning
    • Delayed Conditioning
    • -A type of Forward Conditioning, which is a type of Classical Cond.
      - The presentation of the CS begins before that of the US and lasts until the US is presented
    • Learning
    • the relatively permanent or stable changes in behavior as the result of experience.

      E.L Thorndike, Kurt Lewin, Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F Skinner
    • Operant Conditioning
    • Learning
      -B.F. Skinner
      -aims to influence response through reinforcement strategies.
      -1st experiment: Skinner Box (rats with levers, press lever and get food)
      -uses process of shaping or differential reinforcement of successive approximations (rewards for moving closer to lever)
    • Law of Effect
    • Learning
      -E.L. Thorndike
      -precursor of operant conditioning
      -cause and effect chain of behavior revolving around reinforcement
      -Individuals do what rewards them and stop doing what doesn't