Psychology Test 2 Flash Cards

Play Memory | Create Card File | Append to Card File
Title: Psychology Test 2
Description: Chap Test
Number of Cards: 55
Save Count: 0
Author: PWhite94357
Created: 2008-09-28
Tags: yeah
Private No

Save Count represents the number of people who have saved this card set to their flashcard list. Consider this an endorsement!

    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • Learning
    • Relatively permanent behavior brought by an experience
    • Classical Conditioning
    • (Pavlov) A tye of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings that response
    • Neutral stimulus
    • stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest
    • Unconditioned stimulus
    • a stimulus that naturally brings about a response without being learned
    • Unconditioned Response
    • a response that is natural and needs no training
    • Conditioned stimulus
    • a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
    • Conditioned response
    • a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
    • Extinction
    • basic pheneomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disapears
    • Spontaneous recovery
    • the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
    • Stimulus generalization
    • occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is ismilar to the original conditioned stimulus the more similar the two stimuli are the more likely generalization is to occur
    • stimulus discrimination
    • the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli
    • Operant conditioning
    • learning in which a voluntary response is stengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
    • skinner
    • famous operant conditioning psychologist
    • Reinforcement
    • the process that by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
    • Reinforcer
    • any stimulus that increases the propability that a preceding behavior will occur again
    • Positive reinforcer
    • stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response
    • negative reinforcer
    • an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future
    • Punishment
    • a stimulus that decreases the probability that a previos behvaiour will occur again
    • Schedulues of reinforcement
    • different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior
    • continuous reinforcement schedule
    • reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs
    • Partial reinforcement schedule
    • reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time
    • Fixed ratio schedule
    • a schedule by which reinforcement is givin only after a specific number of responses are made
    • Variable ratio schedule
    • a schedule by which reinforcements occurs after a varying number of responses rather than a fixed variable
    • Fixed interval schedule
    • a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overrall rates of response relatively low
    • Variable interval schedule
    • a schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies aroound some average rather than being fixed
    • Shaping
    • process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and close approximations of the desired behavior
    • Behavior modification
    • a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
    • Cognitive learning theory
    • an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning
    • Latent learning
    • learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it
    • observational learning
    • Learning by observing the behavior of another person or model (ABLERT BANDURA)
    • Consciousness
    • The awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment
    • Stage 1 sleep
    • The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep characterized by relatively rapid low amplitude brain waves
    • Stage 2 sleep
    • A deeper sleep than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles"
    • Stage 3 Sleep
    • Sleep characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep
    • Stage 4 sleep
    • The deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation
    • Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
    • sleep occupying 20 percent of an adult's sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate, erections (in males) eye movements, and the experience of dreaming
    • Unconscious wish fulfillment theory
    • Sigmund freuds theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled
    • Latent content of dreams
    • According to freud, the disguised meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects
    • Manifest content of dreams
    • According to freud the apprent story line of dreams
    • dreams for survival theory
    • the theory suggesting that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprrocessed during sleep
    • Activation synthesis theory
    • Hobson's theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories lodged in various portions of the brain
    • Circadian rhythms
    • Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a twenty-four-hour cycle
    • Daydreams
    • Fantasies that people construct while awake
    • Insomnia
    • Difficulty sleeping
    • Narcolepsy
    • Uncontrollable need to sleep during the day
    • sleep apnea
    • Makes breathing difficult while sleeping
    • Hypnosis
    • A trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others
    • Meditation
    • A learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness
    • Psychoactive drugs
    • Drugs that influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behavior
    • Addictive drugs
    • drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug, in some cases, may be nearly irresistible
    • stimulants
    • drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension
    • Depressants
    • Drugs that slow down the nervous system
    • Narcotics
    • Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety
    • Hallucinogen
    • A drug that is capable of producing hallucinations or changes in the perceptual process
    • fuck
    • yeah