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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
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neuron
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Describe the pathways of three different messaging neurons.
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efferent: CNS to PNS
interneuron: neuron to neuron afferent: PNS to CNS |
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What are glia
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they are non-neuronal cells that provide services for the neurons.
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List the 4 regions of the nervous system
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PNS, spinal region, brainstem and cerebellar region, cerebral region
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What structures make up the brainstem
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medulla, pons, midbrain
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Where is the diencepahlon and where is it located?
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it is in the center of the cerebrum. thalmus, hypothalmus, epithalmus, and subthalmus
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Which 2 arteries supply the brain
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internal carotid and the vertebral
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What is the white matter composed of and why is it white?
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composed of axons that convey information away from the cell body. they appear white because of the high fat content in the myelin
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Bundles of myelinated axons that travel together in the CNS are called what?
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tracts, fasciululi, column, peduncle, or capsule
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What is grey matter composed of?
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neuron cell bodies
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What is the DRG?
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dorsal root ganglion. an enlargement of the dorsal root contains cell bodies of sensory
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White matter is divided into three areas-list them.
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anterior, lateral, posterior funiculi
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What are the 2 main functions of the spinal cord?
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to convey information between the neurons connected to peripheral structures and the brain and process information
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How many cranial nerves attach to the pons?
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4: 5th-8th
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Why are the colliculi important?
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auditory and visual stimuli
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How many cranial nerves are there?
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12
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Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?
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1,2,8
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Which cranial nerves are primarily motor?
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3,4,6,11,12
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What cranial nerves are mixed?
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5,7,9,10
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What is the function of the cerebellum?
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coordinate movement
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What are the structures of the diencephalon?
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thalmus, hypothalmus, subthalmus, epithalmus
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What is the function of the thalmus?
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relay information to the cerebral cortex, process emotional and some memory information, integrate different types of sensation (touch and visual information), regulate consciousness arousal and attention.
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What is the function of the hypothalmus?
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maintains body temp., metabolic rate, and chemical composition of tissues and fluids within an optimal functional range
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What is the function of the subthalmus?
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part of a neural circuit controlling movement
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What is the function of the epithalmus?
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it is the pineal gland, which influences the secretion of other endocrine glands
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List the 6 lobes of the cerebrum.
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frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal, insula, limbic
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What are the commissures, and what is their function?
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Commissures are bundles of axons that convey information between the cortices of the left and right cerebral hemispheres
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What does the cerebral cortex process?
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sensory, motor, and memory information and is the site for reasoning, language, nonverbal communication, intelligence, and personality.
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What makes up the basal ganglia?
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caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus, subthalmus, and substansia nigra
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What makes up the limbic system?
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parts of the thalmus, hypothalmus, most prominent are the amygdala, and hippocampus
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What does the basal ganglia do?
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helps control movement
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What is the function of the limbic system?
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emotions and processing some types of memory
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List the 4 ventricles
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2 lateral ventricles, third and 4th ventricles
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What structures produce CSF?
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Choroid plexus
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Why do we have dural sinuses?
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They return CSF and venous blood to the jugular veins
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What are the 3 different categories of lesions?
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1. focal
2. multifocal 3. diffuse |
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What is a focal lesion?
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a lesion limited to a single location
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What is a multifocal lesion?
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limited to several, nonsymmetrical locations
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What is a diffuse lesion?
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affecting bilaterally symmetrical structures but does not cross the midline as a single lesion
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speed of acute onset
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indicating minutes or hours to maximal signs and symptoms
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speed of subacute onset
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progressing to maximal signs and symptoms over a few days
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speed of chronic onset
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gradual worsening of signs and symptoms continuing for weeks or years
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What is neuroscience
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the quest to understand the nervous system
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What is molecular neuroscience
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Chemistry and physics involved in neural function
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What is cellular neuroscience
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cell types and individual functions
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What is behavioral neuroscience
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interaction among systems that influence behavior
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What is cognitive neuroscience
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Thinking, learning and memory and role in thinking, planning and performing motor skills
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What does a neuron consist of?
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nerve cell body, dendrites and a cell body
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What are the 4 common types of glia cells
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Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, epyndymal
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What is the predominant glial cell
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astrocytes
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what type of cell is the majority of tumor mass?
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astrocyte
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What does the somatosensory system do?
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conveys information from the skin and musculoskeletal system to the brain
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What does the autonomic system do?
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provides bidirectional communication between the brain and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland cells
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What does the somatic motor system do?
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transmit information from the brain to the skeletal muscles
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what are the 4 regions of the nervous system?
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1. peripheral
2. spinal region 3. brain stem and cerebellar regions 4. cerebral region |
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What is SAME DAVE?
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sensory afferent, motor efferent
dorsal afferent, ventral efferent |
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What is a ganglion?
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it is a cluster of cell bodies in the PNS
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What 3 things is the brain protected by?
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1. Skull
2. Duramater 3. CSF |
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Can the CNS repair itself?
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it has very little potential to repair itself
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What is the medulla part of and what are its important features/components?
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Part of the brainstem. continuous with the spinal cord. contains roots of 4 cranial nerves. contains the pyramidal decussation
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How many cranial nerves attach to the pons
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4
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What are the important features of the midbrain?
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Peduncles- made of fibers descending from the cortex
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Major function of cerebellum
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coordinate movements
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What is the function of the thalamus
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1. relay information to the cortex
2. Process emotion and memory 3. Integrate different types of sensation 4. regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention |
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What is the function of the hypothalamus
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1. maintains body temp
2. metabolic rate 3. chemical composition of tissues and fluids 4. regulates eating, growth, and function of reproductive organs 5. defensive behaviors and expression |
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Left hemisphere function
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Sequential analysis: systematic, logical interpretation of information
Interpretation and production of symbolic information: language, mathematics, abstraction, and reasoning Memory-stored in language format |
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Right hemisphere function
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Holistic functioning: processing multi-sensory input simultaneously to provide holistic picture of one's environment
Visual spatial skills Holistic functions such as dancing and gymnastics memory is stored in auditory, visual, and spatial modalities |
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Central sulcus
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divides frontal and parietal
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Parieto-occipital sulcus
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divides parietal and occipital
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lateral sulcus
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divides temporal and frontal
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Cingulate sulcus
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divided the parahippocampal and limbic
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What are commissures
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bundles of axons that convey info between left and right cortices
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What forms the roof of the lateral and 3rd ventricles
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corpus callosum
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What forms the walls of the lateral ventricle
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caudate
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lenticular nucleus
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globus pallidus and putamen
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corpus striatum
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caudate and putamen
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Basal ganglia
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caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra
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What 2 arteries supply the spinal cord with blood?
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anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior spinal arteries
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What are the 2 biggest branches of arteries in the brain
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anterior cerebral and middle cerebral
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what 2 arteries supply caudate, globus, putamen, and portions of thalmus, hypothalmus and hippocampus
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choroidal arters and striate arteries
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