PTHA 1301 - Medical Terminology Express - Gylys book - Stetz - Exam 5

process of thought--including reasoning, judgement, and perception

the ability to think and reason

electrical signal transmitted along the nerve fiber in response to a stimulus

chemicals in the brain that transmit messages between nerve cells (neurons)

pertaining to the outside, surface, or surrounding area of an organ or structure or occurring away from the center

caused by or pertaining to an injury

pertaining to or composed of blood vessels

vessel (usually blood or lymph

the branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the nervous system, which include the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

brain and spinal cord

the control center of the body

peripheral nerves, including the cranial nerves (emerging from the base of the skull) and the spinal nerves (emerging from the spinal cord)

neurons

neuroglia

basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system

grouped into bundles of nerves or nerve tracts that carry electrical messages throughout the body

perform functions such as perception of sensory stimuli, learning, memory, and control of muscles and glands

a.k.a. glial cells

do not carry messages

support and protection functions; form supporting network by twining around nerve cells or lining certain structures in the brain and spinal cord, while others bind nervous tissue to supporting structures and attach the neurons to their blood vessels

certain small neuroglia are phagocytic and protect the CNS from disease by engulfing invading microbes and clearing away debris

they are of clinical interest because they are a common source of tumors (gliomas) of the nervous system

cerebrum

pertaining to the brain (cerebrum) and spine or spinal cord

spine

brain

inflammation of the brain

glue, neuroglial tissue

tumor composed of neuroglial tissue (supportive tissue of the nervous system)

meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)

herniation, or saclike protrusion of the meninges through the skull or vertebral column

tumor composed of meninges

bone marrow; spinal cord

nerve

seizure

above, upon

speech

bad, painful, difficult

difficulty speaking or impairment in the production of speech

paralysis of one half of the body (left half or right half)

partial paralysis

near, beside, beyond

paralysis

paralysis of both legs and the lower half of the body

four

paralysis of all four extremities

tumor composed of nervous tissue

separation or destruction of a nerve

tumor composed of brain tissue

herniation or protrusion of brain tissue

pain in the spinal cord or its membranes

herniation of the spinal cord

progressive, irreversible deterioration of mental function marked by memory impairment and, commonly, deficits in reasoning, judgment, abstract thought, comprehension, learning, task execution, and use of language

chronic, organic brain syndrome characterized by death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and their replacement by microscopic "plaques," which results in dementia that progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical functioning and personality changes

disorder that results from the generation of electrical signals inside the brain, causing recurring seizures in which some people simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, while others have extreme convulsions

inherited, degenerative disease of the CNS with symptoms developing in middle age as nerve cells in the brain waste away, resulting in uncontrolled bizarre movements, emotional disturbances, and mental deterioration

condition caused by an accumulation of fluid within the ventricles of the brain that causes pressure build-up, distension of the ventricles in the brain, and compression of brain tissue, and which, if left untreated, causes a grossly enlarged head and mental retardation

water

head

condition, structure

progressive degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscle symptoms

hardening, sclera (white of eye)

abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

malignant tumor composed mainly of cells resembling neuroblasts that occurs most commonly in infants and children

embryonic cell

tumor

nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior

partial or complete loss of motor function; also called paralysis

facial paralysis on one side of the face due to inflammation of a facial nerve

bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis, which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary

loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both as a result of spinal cord injury

progressive neurological disorder caused by a neurotransmitter deficiency (dopamine) that affects the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement and results in hand tremors, uncontrollable head nodding, shuffling gait, and difficulty talking, swallowing, or completing simple tasks

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

gray; gray matter (of brain or spinal cord)

mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; often with delusions and hallucinations

severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to the foot

eruption of acute, inflammatory, herpetic vesicles caused by herpes zoster virus on the trunk of the body along a peripheral nerve

congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal thought which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude

most common and least severe form of spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges

more severe type of spina bifida that involves protrusion of the meninges (meningocele), spinal cord (myelocele) or both (meningomyelocele)

brain tissue damage caused by a disorder within the blood vessels that is usually due to the formation of a clot or a ruptured blood vessel; also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

interruption in blood supply to the brain that does not cause permanent brain damage but may be an indication of a higher risk of a more serious and debilitating condition (stroke); also called a ministroke

laboratory test used to examine a sample of CSF fluid obtained from a lumbar puncture which is analyzed for presence of blood, bacteria, malignant cells, as well as for the amount of protein and glucose present

insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column to withdraw a sample of CSF used for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological laboratory analysis; also called spinal tap or spinal puncture

surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures

cranium (skull)

incision

partial destruction of the thalammus to treat psychosis or intractable pain

thalamus

medulla

cerebellum

produce partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness

produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness

produce loss of feeling and affect a local area only

prevent or control seizures

reduce the signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson disease

increased muscular tension and hyperactive reflexes

to hold back, block

first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, and so on

coccygeal nerves

cerebrovascular accident;

costovertebral angle

cerebrovascular disease

electrocardiogram;
electroencephalography

first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, and so on

mitral stenosis; musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; mental status; magnesium sulfate

first sacral vertebra, second sacral vertebra, and so on

first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, and so on

the act of swallowing

condition of yellowness of the skin and the mucous membranes

a malignant tumor o fa glandular organ

itching

pertaining to bile

infection of the meninges

relative equilibrium in the internal environment of the body

loss of reflexes and body tone, often accompanying aging

absence of speech/language function that may be the result of an injury to the cerebral cortex

joint

surgical repair

site of contact between two bones; also called a joint

shortening or tightening of a muscle

pertaining to muscles and the skeleton

muscle

skeleton

production of captured shadow images on photographic film through the action of ionizing radiation passing through the body from an external source

radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)

process of recording

lubricating fluid of the joint secreted by the synovial membrane in the joint

branch of medicine concerned with prevention, diagnosis, care, and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

these disorders include injury to or disease of the body's bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons

a medical doctor who employs medical, physical, and surgical methods, such as hip arthroplasty, to restore function lost as a result of injury or disease to the musculoskeletal system

they also coordinate their treatments with other health care providers, such as physical therapists, occupational therapists, and sports medicine physicians

a medical doctor who specializes in treatment of arthritis and other diseases of joints, muscles, and bones

another health care provider who treats musculoskeletal disorders

unlike orthopedists, they are not physicians and do not employ drugs or surgery, the primary basis of treatment used by medical physicians

system of therapy based on the theory that disease is caused by pressure on nerves

also utilize radiography to diagnose pathological disorders and determine the most effective type of treatment

in most instances, chiropractic treatment involves physical manipulation of the spinal column

includes muscles, bones, joints, and related structures, such as the tendons and connective tissue

these structures function to support and move body parts and organs

- produce body movements
- stabilize body position
- store and move substances within the body
- generate heat

body posture

- passage and elimination of food through the digestive system
- propulsion of blood through the arteries
- contraction of the bladder to eliminate urine
- allow range of motion for the contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers

form a skeleton that supports and protects the body

mineral salts, especially calcium and phosphorus

minimize friction upon motion

maxilla

clavicle

scapula

ilium

pubis

ischium

pelvic

tarsals (ankle bones)

metatarsals

phalanges (bones of fingers and toes)

metacarpals (hand bones)

ulna

ribs

humerus (upper arm bone)

band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)

surgical repair of fascia

fiber, fibrous tissue

tumor of fibrous tissue

smooth muscle (visceral)

tumor of smooth muscle

loins (lower back)

pertaining to the lumbar region and the ribs

pertaining to muscles

rupture of a muscle

rupture

muscle

tendon

incision of a tendon

tendon

surgical repair of a tendon

tendon

carpus (wrist bones)

downward displacement of the wrist; also called dropped wrist

prolapse, downward displacement

neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)

pertaining to the neck

beneath the ribs

under, below

excision or resection of one or more metacarpal bones

pertaining to the humerus

vertebra (backbone)

used to form words about the CONDITION of the structure (e.g., spondylolisthesis)

vertebra (backbone)

used to form words that describe the STRUCTURE

sternum (breastbone)

inflammation of any of the vertebrae, usually characterized by stiffness and pain

pertaining to a vertebra or the vertebral column

pertaining to the sternum and ribs

excision, removal

calcaneum (heel bone)

painful condition of the heel

pain

femur (thigh bone)

pertaining to the femur (thigh bone)

fibula (smaller, outer bone of the lower leg)

pertaining to the fibula

patella (kneecap)

excision of the patella

pelvis

measurement of the pelvic dimensions or proportions

refers to the pelvis (hipbone)

pelvis

x-ray image

act of measuring

instrument for recording

tibia (larger bone of lower leg)

pertaining to the tibia (shin bone)

stiffness; bent, crooked

immobility of a joint

joint

surgical fixation of a joint

binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)

cartilage

inflammation of cartilage of the anterior chest wall (ribs)

lamina (part of vertebral arch)

excision of the lamina (bony arches of one or more vertebrae--commonly used to denote removal of the posterior arch)

straight

foot; child

pertaining to

bone

porous

to break; surgical fracture

surgical breaking of adhesions to improve mobility of a joint

cell that breaks down bone

paralysis of one side of the body

malignant tumor of muscle tissue

shaft or middle region of a long bone

layer that covers the surface of a bone

to break

half

malignant tumor of connective tissue

through, across

around

bone cells

pain in bones

disease of bones and joints

beginning or formation of bones

pertaining to the neck and arm

pertaining to the neck and face

tumor of the bone marrow

sarcoma of bone marrow (cells)

radiography of the spinal cord

abnormal softening of the spinal cord

pertaining to above the sternum

resembling the breastbone

softening

above

resembling

embryonic cell that forms cartilage

instrument for measuring the pelvis

twitching of a muscle

any disease of muscle

group of hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of the muscles, leading to increasing weakness and debilitation, including Duchenne dystrophy (most common form)

development, nourishment

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive fatigue and severe muscle weakness, particularly evident with facial muscles and ptosis of the eyelids

injury to the capsule of the shoulder joint, which is reinforced by muscles and tendons; also called musculotendinous rotator cuff injury

trauma to a joint that causes injury to the surrounding ligament, accompanied by pain and disability, such as an eversion sprain that occurs when the foot is twisted outward

trauma to a muscle from overuse or excessive forcible stretch

congenital deformity of the foot; also called clubfoot

inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; also called tendonitis

spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles, causing stiffness and twisting of the neck; also called wryneck

inflammation of a joint usually accompanied by pain, swelling, stiffness, and commonly, changes in structure

arthritis caused by excessive uric acid in the body; also called gout

progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by bone spurs (osteophytes) and destruction of articular cartilage; inflammation of bones and joints

pain or numbness resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and median nerve pass)

fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

grating sound made by movement of bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction

malignant tumor that develops from bone marrow, usually in long bones or the pelvis, and most commonly in adolescent boys

any break in a bone

herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposus (center gelatinous material within an intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae; also called prolapsed disk

decrease in bone density with an increase in porosity, causing bones to become brittle and increasing the risk of fractures

skeletal disease affecting elderly people that causes chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones and bowing of long bones; also called osteitis deformans

form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis

fragment of a necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue

increased curvature of the thoracic region of the vertebral column, leading to a humpback posture; also called hunchback

humpback

forward curvature of the lumbar region of the vertebral column, leading to a swayback posture

curve, swayback

abnormal sideward curvature of the spine to the left or right that eventually causes back pain, disk disease, or arthritis

crooked, bent

chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin that first affects the spine and is characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae; also called rheumatoid spondylitis

partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one below it, most commonly the fifth lumbar vertebra over the first sacral vertebra; also called spinal cord compression

partial or complete dislocation of a bone from its normal location within a joint, causing loss of function of the joint; also called partial dislocation

puncture of a joint space with a needle to obtain samples of synovial fluid for diagnostic purposes, instill medications, or remove accumulated fluid from joints to relieve pain

visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible, fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope, which contains a miniature camera and projects images on a monitor to guide instruments during procedures

surgical puncture

visual examination

surgical reconstruction or replacement of a painful, degenerated joint to restore mobility in rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis or to correct a congenital deformity

replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum with prostheses that are fastened into the bone; also called total hip replacement (THR)

excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)

separation

reduce the reabsorption of bones in treatment of weak and fragile bones as seen in osteoporosis and Paget disease

treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system by preventing further disease progression

relieve muscle spasms, pain, and stiffness

relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation in treatment of musculoskeletal conditions, such as sprains and strains, and inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, bursitis, gout, and tendinitis

the way in which the bone breaks and whether or not the skin is pierced with a bony fragment

a fracture caused by a disease process such as osteoporosis or bone cancer

- type of fracture sustained
- location
- related injuries

bone is broken but no open wound in skin

bone breaks through skin

extensive soft tissue injury, such as a broken rib piercing the lung above

bone is crushed into several pieces

broken ends of a bone are forced into one another

line of fracture does not include the whole bone

bone is broken only on one side; commonly occurs in children because their growing bones are soft

distal radius is broken by falling onto an outstretched hand

chronic, systemic inflammatory disease that primarily attacks peripheral joints and surrounding muscles, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels

chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple joints, eventually resulting in crippling deformities and immobility

spontaneous remissions and unpredictable exacerbations mark the course of this potentially crippling autoimmune disease

reaction is against one's own joint tissues, especially synovial fluid

as RA develops, there is congestion and edema of the synovial membrane and joint causing formation of a thick layer of granulation tissue which invades cartilage, destroying the joint and bone

eventually a fibrous immobility of joints (ankylosis) occurs, causing immobility and visible deformities

usually requires lifelong treatment and occasionally surgery

prognosis worsens with development of nodules, vasculitis, and the presence of rheumatoid factor (substance detected in blood test of patients with RA)

physical therapy, heat applications, drugs such as aspirin/NSAIDs, and corticosteroids to reduce pain and inflammation

other therapeutic drugs include disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as gold salts

below the knee

computed tomography

carpal tunnel syndrome

disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs

fracture

herniated nucleus pulposus
(herniated disc)

intramuscular

myasthenia gravis

orthopedics

rheumatoid arthritis

total hip replacement

pertaining to the sacrum and ilium

bending motion of a limb

directional term indicating from the front to the back

pertaining to two sides

pertaining to an increase in the size of an organ or structure

pertaining to the lumbar vertebra and the sacrum

pertaining to one side

extending motion of a limb

pertaining to between vertebrae

formation of a liplike structure, as at the articular end of a bone in osteoarthritis

opacity of the lens of the eye, usually occurring as a result of aging, trauma, metabolic disease, or the adverse effect of certain medications or chemicals

degenerative disease due mainly to the aging process in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively cloudy, causing decreased vision

procedure in which a damaged cornea is replaced by the cornea from the eye of a human cadaver; also known as keratoplasty

eye disease in which increased eyeball pressure is caused by failure of aqueous humor to drain properly, and it accumulates in the anterior chamber of the eye, causing elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and gradual loss of sight

IOP leads to degeneration and atrophy of the retina and optic nerve

pertaining to the eye or sense of sight

eye

surgery to correct myopia, or nearsightedness, by changing the shape of the cornea (transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and pupil)

horny tissue, hard; cornea

condition in which breathing stops for more than ten seconds during sleep

breathing

medical specialty associated with the eyes and the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders

medical specialty associated with the ears (and throat, and usually nose)

medical specialist in ophthalmology

prescribes corrective lenses, performs corrective eye surgeries

two other health care practitioners who specialize in providing corrective lenses

they are not medical doctors, but are licensed to examine and test the eyes and treat visual defects by prescribing corrective lenses

opticians also specialize in filling prescriptions for corrective lenses

otolaryngology

along with ophthalmology

consisted mainly of removing tonsils and adenoids, and irrigating sinuses and ear canals

cleansing a canal by flushing it with water or other fluids

is greatly expanded to include medical and surgical management of patients with disorders of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) and related structures of the head and neck

thus specialists in this practice are commonly called ENT physicians or otolaryngologists

disorders related to the sinuses, including allergies and disorders of the sense of smell

diagnostic techniques used to detect causes of hoarseness, hearing and breathing difficulty, swelling around the head or neck

also treat sleep apnea by means including, but not limited to, surgery

sclera

choroid

retina

iris

cornea

eyelid

pupil

pupil

pupil

lens

conjunctiva

ear

stapes

cochlea

tympanic membrane

tympanic membrane

involuntary contraction of the eyelid

involuntary contraction, twitching

disease of the choroid (layer between the retina and sclera)

inflammation of the conjunctiva that can be caused by bacteria, allergy, irritation, or a foreign body; also called pinkeye

inflammation of the cornea; also called keratitis

inequality of pupil size

instrument for measuring the pupil

pertaining to the pupil

tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)

excessive secretion of tears

unequal, dissimilar

discharge, flow

tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)

secretion and discharge of tears

double

two images of an object seen at the same time; also called double vision

vision

surgical repair of the cornea; also called corneal transplant

pertaining to within the eyeball

in, within

eye

instrument for examining the eye

eye, vision

pertaining to the eye or vision

disease of the retina

hearing

pertaining to hearing

hearing

instrument for measuring levels of hearing

hearing

pertaining to sense of hearing

surgical repair of the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

discharge from the ear

pertaining to the Eustachian tube and pharynx

tube [usually fallopian or eustachian (auditory) tubes]

hearing

without hearing, total deafness

hearing

hearing loss associated with old age

old age

reduction or dimness of vision usually in one eye with no apparent pathological condition; also called lazy eye

inequality of vision in the two eyes

prolapse, downward displacement or drooping of the upper eyelid

outside, outward

excess (farsighted) vision

excessive, above normal

paralysis of the eye

examination of the pupil

softening of the cornea

instrument for measuring the cornea

inflammation of the sclera

softening of the sclera

paralysis of the sphincter of the iris

herniation of the iris

inflammation of the retina

paralysis of the eyelid

surgical repair of the eyelid

dull, dim

different

turning

flow of pus from the ear

instrument for cutting the tympanic membrane

inflammation of the eustachian tube

congenital deficiency in color perception that is more common in men; also called color blindness

refractive disorder in which excessive curvature of the cornea or lens causes light to be scattered over the retina, rather than focused on a single point, resulting in a distorted image

retinal damage marked by aneurysmal dilation and bleeding of blood vessels or the formation of new blood vessels causing visual changes in diabetic patients

small, purulent, inflammatory infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid; also called a sty

breakdown of the tissues in the macula, resulting in loss of central vision

unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light that occurs in such disorders as meningitis, eye inflammation, measles, and rubella

separation of the retina from the choroid, which disrupts vision and results in blindness if not repaired

color

vision

point, mark

light

fear

muscular eye disorder in which the eyes turn from the normal position so that they deviate in different directions

strabismus in which there is deviation of the visual axis of one eye toward that of the other eye, resulting in diplopia; also called cross-eye or convergent strabismus

inward

strabismus in which there is deviation of the visual axis of one eye away from that of the other, resulting in diplopia; also called wall-eye or divergent strabismus

abnormal turning outward of one or both eyes

loss of the sense or perception of sound; total deafness (complete hearing loss)

results from any condition that prevents sound waves from being transmitted to the auditory receptors

impairment of hearing that results from the aging process

inability of nerve stimuli to be delivered to the brain from the inner ear due to damage to the auditory (acoustic) nerve or cochlea; also called nerve deafness

rare disorder characterized by progressive deafness, vertigo, and tinnitus, possibly due to swelling of membranous structures within the labyrinth

inflammation of the middle ear, which is commonly the result of an upper respiratory infection (URI) and may be treated with tympanostomy tube insertion

progressive deafness due to ossification in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear

ringing or tinkling noise heard constantly or intermittently in one or both ears, even in a quiet environment, that usually results from damage to inner ear structures associated with hearing

sensation of moving around in space or a feeling of spinning dizziness that usually results from inner ear structure damage associated with balance and equilibrium

screening test to detect glaucoma that measures intraocular pressure and to determine if it's elevated

tension

standard eye examination to determine the smallest letters a person can read on a Snellen chart, or E chart, at a distance of 20 feet

test that measures hearing acuity at various sound frequencies

visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope

hearing tests that use a tuning fork (instrument that produces a constant pitch when struck) that is struck then placed against or near the bones on the side of the head to assess nerve and bone conduction of sound

evaluates bone conduction of sound in one ear at a time

evaluates bone conduction of sound in both ears at the same time

excision of a lens affected by a cataract

excision of the lens by ultrasonic vibrations that break the lens into tiny particles, which are suctioned out of the eye; also called small incision cataract surgery (SICS)

excision of a portion of the iris used to relieve intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma

laser surgery that creates an opening on the rim of the iris to allow aqueous humor to flow between the anterior and posterior chambers to relieve IOP that occurs as a result of glaucoma and is replacing iridectomy because it is a safer procedure

use of a laser beam to seal leaking or hemorrhaging retinal blood vessels used in treatment of diabetic retinopathy

electronic transmitter surgically implanted into the cochlea of a deaf person to restore hearing

surgical repair of the tympanic membrane (perforated eardrum) with a tissue graft to correct hearing loss; also called tympanoplasty

incision of the tympanic membrane to relieve pressure and drain fluid from the middle ear or to insert tympanostomy tubes in the eardrum via surgery

reduce intraocular pressure by lowering the amount of aqueous humor in the eyeball, reducing its production, or increasing its outflow

cause the pupil to constrict

cause the pupil to dilate and prepare the eye for an internal examination

decrease sensitivity of the inner ear to motion and prevent nerve impulses from the inner ear from reaching the vomiting center of the brain

loosen and help remove impacted cerumen (ear wax)

- open-angle
- closed-angle

the most common form

results from degenerative changes that cause congestion and reduce flow of aqueous humor through the canal of Schlemm

this type of glaucoma is painless, but destroys peripheral vision, causing tunnel vision

is a medical emergency

caused by an anatomically narrow angle between the iris and the cornea, which prevents outflow of aqueous humor from the eye into the lymphatic system, causing a sudden increase in IOP

symptoms include sever pain, blurred vision, and photophobia

vision loss and, commonly, blindness

eyedrops (miotics) that cause the pupils to constrict, permitting aqueous humor to escape from the eye, thereby relieving pressure

if miotics are ineffective, surgery may be necessary

a.k.a. ear tubes or pressure-equalizing tubes (PE tubes)

plastic cylinders surgically inserted into the eardrum to drain fluid and equalized pressure between the middle and outer ear

most commonly used in children who have had recurrent ear infections that do not respond to antibiotics, or when fluid remains behind the eardrum

tube decreases feeling of pressure in the ears, reduces pain, and allows air to enter the middle ear and fluid to flow out of the middle ear and into the ear canal

outpatient

performed by otolaryngologist while child is under general anesthesia

age-related macular degeneration

astigmatism

ear, nose and throat

extraocular movement

intraocular pressure

myopia

Doctor of Optometry

right eye

otitis media

left eye

both eyes

esotropia

composed of mucus and serum

cystlike sac filled with cholesterol and epithelial cells