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32 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What is an Arrhenius acid?
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A hydrogen ion donor.
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What is an Arrhenius base?
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A substance that dissolves in water to produce OH-.
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What is a Bronsted-Lowery acid?
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A proton donor.
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What is a Bronsted-Lowery base?
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A proton acceptor?
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When an acid donates a proton to a base what does the acid become?
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A conjugate base.
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Can arrows show relocation of atoms?
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No, just electrons.
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When protonating a carboxylic acid, which oxygen will likely receive the hydrogen ion and why?
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The carbonyl oxygen as opposed to the hydroxyl oxygen, because this will produce equivalent resonance structures and charge localization whereas addition to the hydroxyl oxygen produces adjacent positive charges.
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What is an amide?
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A replacement of a hydroxyl group from a carboxyl group with an NH2 group.
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Can pi electrons participate as Bronsted-Lowry bases?
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Yes. The pi electrons for instance in an alkene can accept a proton thus resulting in an alkane with a carbocation.
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How is the acid dissociation constant found?
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Ka=[H3O+][A-] / [HA]
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As pKa decreases what happens to acid strength?
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Increases.
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Weaker acids produce stronger ______?
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Conjugate bases.
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Stronger acids produce weaker ______?
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Conjugate bases.
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For an acid with pKa near zero, what is an estimate of Ka?
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Near 1.
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An acid with a negative pKa has a Ka _______ than 1?
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Greater.
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What are very strong acids?
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HI, HBr, HCl
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In an acid base reaction which way will the reaction progress?
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From the stronger acid towards the weaker acid. Find the pKa of the acid and conjugate acid. The species with the lower pKa (stronger acid) will be the reactant and the species with the higher pKa (weaker acid) will be the product.
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What is a reaction mechanism?
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A detailed process of how a reaction occurs. It shows which bonds are broken and which are formed in the correct order.
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What is thermochemistry the study of?
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Relative energies between two species. This will show you if a reaction in endothermic or exothermic.
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What is a transition state?
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The highest energy point on a reaction coordinate diagram. This is not an isolatable chemical species.
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How do you find the activation energy?
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It is the difference between the reagent state and the peak energy state (distance to the mountain top).
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A reaction with a -G with _____?
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Exothermic (exergonic).
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What is the main principle when determining relative acidities?
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The stability of the anion produced upon dissociation.
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What will stabilize an anion?
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1. Negative charge on more electronegative atom
2. Having negative charge on a large atom 3. Delocalizing negative charge by resonance contributing structures 4. Spreading negative charge onto electron-withdrawing group by induction 5. Having a negative charge in orbital with more s character |
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What is a Lewis acid?
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An electron pair acceptor to form a covalent bond.
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What is a Lewis base?
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An electron pair donor to form a covalent bond.
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Can an anion serve as a Lewis Base?
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Yes.
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Can a cation serve as a Lewis acid?
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Yes.
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What is the main difference between Bronsted-Lowry acids and Lewis acids in terms of protonation?
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Lewis acids can be aprotic.
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What is a nucleophile?
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An electron-rich species. In other words a Lewis base.
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What is an electrophile?
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An electron-poor species. In other words a Lewis acid.
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Kinetics is the study of what?
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Rates of chemical reactions.
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