pych final

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes."

Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge
**A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.**

detailed study of one thing

a broad general study

weakness = does not show causation
strength = Correlations can describe the relationship between two variables or measurements.

All human
subjects must be told about the research beforehand, may leave at any time during the research, and
must sign a form saying that they are giving their voluntary approval. If there are any possible
unpleasant side effects, the subjects must be told.

A neuron (pronounced /ˈnjʊərɒn/ N(Y)OOR-on, also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling, the latter via synapses, specialized connections with other cells.

the sympathetic nervous system aids in the control of most of the body's internal organs. stress - as in the flight-or-fight response - and so may be thought to counteract the parasympathetic system, which generally works to promote maintenance of the body at rest. In truth, the functions of both systems are not so straightforward, but this is a useful rule of thumb

electrical activity

The cerebrum is also divided into symmetric left and right cerebral hemispheres.

endocrine system is a system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone into the bloodstream to regulate the body. The endocrine system is an information signal system like the nervous system. Hormones regulate many functions of an organism, including mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism.

The process of classical conditioning involves repeatedly pairing or associating two stimuli
until they both produce the same response.

A second type of learning is based on doing something first (making a response) and then getting
something back (a stimulus) from the environment. If you get what you want, you will be more likely to
do that behavior again. If you do not get anything back or if you get something undesired back, you
will be less likely to engage in that behavior again.

If you get something you want, after behaving, this is called
positive reinforcement. If you remove the threat of something you don't want by behaving, this is
negative reinforcement.

free recall, cued recall, Recogntion

Sometimes we will remember a collection of different
memories and combine them into a single mental picture in STM. We actually believe it is an accurate
image, but it is not. When you try to remember your childhood, what you picture is usually a
combination of actual events, things that your parents told you you did, and things you have seen other
children do.

Information may enter STM, but never get transferred to LTM. Some of this is lost to decay, when you
exceed the 30 second limit or displaced if you exceed the seven spaces

germinal period
embryonic period
fetal period

Teratogens are harmful agents which can
get into the mother's body, causing birth defects or death.

Our long term memory stores information in categories or schemes
(schema). When you encounter new information, you will first attempt to fit it into a preexisting
scheme.

However, what if the child sees a butterfly and says "birdie." Her mother will correct her and tell
her "No, that is a butterfly." The child will insist that it is a bird. However, after a while the child will
create a new scheme that differentiates butterflies from birds

sensorimotor stage
preoperational stage
concrete operational stage
formal operational stage

Authoritarian ("Too Hard")
Permissive ("Too Soft")
Authoritative ("Just Right")

preconventional
conventional
postconventional

Social Learning is a combination of operant conditioning and observational learning
the Gender Schema Theory, sees children as actively
searching out behaviors which fit their present schema

Alzheimer's disease, in
which neurons in the hippocampus die, leaves a person with an inability to create new long term
memories.

individual stages the alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
stages.

If you solve the problem
directly, making it go away, you are using problem-focused coping. If you deny there is a problem, use
an escape to temporarily forget the problem exists, or tell yourself the problem is really an exciting
challenge, you are using emotion-focused coping. The problem is still there, however.

the study of how your thinking and emotions affects the immune
system

Think of the conscious level as your Short Term Memory, you preconscious as your Long Term Memory,
and the unconscious as below the LTM

id- bad guy
superego- good guy
ego middleman

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

(neuroticism), extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness

paranoid, catatonic, Disorganized, undifferentiated

Delusions and hallucinations

The symptoms include feelings of sadness,
helplessness and hopelessness. In other words, "There is no
solution to my problems. I will always be miserable." There is
usually a loss of appetite and an inability to stay asleep past
the early morning hours

obsession leads to a compulsion, a recurring behavior the person wants to
stop, but cannot. Performing the behavior temporarily relieves the anxiety produced by the obsession

listing of disorders used by professionals When classifying mental disorders.
The American Psychiatric Association publishes such a list.

use ambiguous stimuli and the person being tested will
usually be allowed to answer in any way he or she sees fit. The most well-known of these are the
Rorschach Inkblot Test and the TAT

physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongings, esteem needs, self actualization

the humanistic psychologists said. We are all born good. Born with the innate
ability to live a happy life, get along with others, and reach our full potential. If the world was not such
a place, society was the cause

a hypothesis, which is a very specific
statement, "Fear will cause an increase in the number of subjects to want to be with other subjects." In
addition, what you are researching must be defined in a way so that it can be measured.

the independent variable was fear
and the dependent variable was desire to affiliate

The learner observes a model performing
a behavior. The model gets reinforced.