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What are the three types of cytokine action?
Autocrine - IL-2
Paracrine - IL-1
Endocrine - IFN-gamma
What are the four attributes of cytokine activity?
Pleiotrophy
Redundancy
Synergy
Antagonism
Cytokines that are growth factors come from?
Stromal fibroblast cells in bone marrow
What are the primary TH1 cytokines?
IL-2 & IFN-gamma
Which TH cell is important for elimination of viral infections by stimulating Tc cells?
TH1
Which TH cell is important for elimination of bacteria infections by stimulating production of antibodies by B cells?
TH2
What are the primary TH2 cytokines?
IL-4, IL-5, IL-10
Which IL induces the proliferation and activation of antigen primed TH and Tc cells?
IL-2
What interferon induces macrophage activation, and is also a major product of NK cells?
IFN-gamma
Which IL induces activation of and differentiation of B cells into memory B cells?
IL-4
Which IL induces activation and differentiation of B cells and stimulates differentiation of eosinophils?
IL-5
Which IL works to down-regulate activated macrophages?
IL-10
What are the cytokines produced by T - regulatory cells?
IL-4, TGF-beta, IL-10
What is a class of pro-inflammatory T cells?
TH17 cells
Which IL is critical to adaptive immune repsonse against bacterial and fungal infections, especially by triggering the proinflammatory innate response?
IL-17
Which IL dampens TH1 and TH17 responses?
IL-17E (IL-25)
Which IL is short lived and induces systemic inflammatory responses?
IL-1
Which IL is longer lived and induces systemic inflammatory responses?
IL-6
Which IL activates NK lymphocytes and promotes TH-1 differentiation?
IL-12
What important inflammatory mediator is produced by activated macrophages and is beneficial in low amounts?
TNF-alpha
What growth factor promotes the early development of leukocytes?
IL-3
Which growth factor promotes the growth of macrophage and granulocytes & has been used to stimulate bone marrow production?
GM-CSF
What growth factor stimulates the growth of some cells and inhibits the growth of others?
TGF-beta
Which part of the cytokine receptor provides the specificity for that receptor?
alpha chain
Which part of the cytokine receptor serves to transmit the signal?
beta chain
Which domain of MHC I is recognized by the CD8 molecule from T cells?
Alpha 3 domain
Which domain of MHC II is recognized by the CD4 molecule from T cells?
Beta 2 domain
Which cells constitutively express Class II MHC?
B cells
Dendritic cells
Which chain serves as a placeholder for MHC Class II as it goes through RER?
Invariant chain
Which molecules help exchange CLIP for the exogenous peptide in MHC class II?
HLA-DM
HLA-DO
Which region of an antibody is responsible for amplifying the inflammatory process?
Fc fragment
How are isotypes distinguished?
Based on differences in aa's in constant heavy chain
What isotypes play the BcR role?
sIgM and sIgD
The specificity of an Ab is based on?
Hypervariable regions aka CDR (complementarity determining regions)
How many hypervariable regions are there within the variable light and heavy chains?
3
Which end of the antibody is characterized by sequence variability?
N-terminal
In the hinge region, what residues allow flexibility of the two arms of the antibody molecule?
Polyproline
Which residues form the inter-chain disulphide bonds that hold the two heavy chains together?
Cysteine
At which domain of the IgG antibody does complement bind to initiate the classical complement cascade?
CH2
How are allotypes distinguished?
Small allelic amino acid differences in the antibody constant regions
What cleaves on the C terminus side of sulfihydride bridges (in heavy chain), results in useful F(ab)2 fragments that can aggultinate?
Pepsin
What cleaves on the N terminus side of sulfihydride bridges (in heavy chain), results in useless fragments that can't do anything?
Papain
The BcR is made of?
sIgD or sIgM
What fragment of the antibody molecule determines the specificity for a particular eptiope?
Fab
CD8 binds to what domain of MHC Class I?
Alpha 3
CD4 binds to what domain of MHC Class II?
Beta 2
Which molecules are termed "permiscuous"?
MHC
What proteins facilitate the release of CLIP and thus aid in the peptide joining with the MHC Class II?
HLA-DM
HLA-DO
What are important co-receptors that initiate intracellular signaling pathway in B cells?
Ig alpha & Ig beta
Which antibody is good against viruses?
IgA
In clostrum what antibodies do you find?
IgA dimerized
Where is the secretory component in divalent IgA obtained?
From the poly Ig receptor in epithelial cells
What are isohemagglutinin antibodies?
IgM
Which antibody is good against worm infections?
IgE
Which antibody is responsible for allergies?
IgE
How and what does IgE bind to, which gives off an antigenic response?
Binds with Fc to mast cells or basophils
Where are memory cells usually kept?
In secondary lymphoid tissues
What are the only two antibody isotypes that can fix or bind compliment?
IgG & IgM
Which segments together code for the variable regions of the heavy chains?
The V,D and J segments
Which segments together code for the variable regions of the light chains?
The V and J segments
True or False

The variable regions of the heavy chains rearrange before the light chains rearrange?
True
True or False

The timing of the rearrangement is random?
False, the rearrangement itself is random but the time is controlled
True or False

The heavy chain has more rearrangement events than the light chain?
True, first the DJ is formed then that is combined to make the VDJ
When are the introns and extra J segments removed of the light or heavy chain variable region?
After transcription, before translation
True or False

Both IgM and IgD display identical antigenic specificities on the BcR
True
Where do lymphocytes become activated?
Secondary lymphoid organs
B cell development is dependent on?
Stromal cells
What domain is important in the transmission of signal once a BcR or TcR binds to an antigen?
ITAM
Initially the BcR is only what Ig?
IgM
B cells that are NOT autoreactive, upregulate expression of receptors for?
BAFF (B cell activating factor), which will upregulate BCL-XL
Failure of the thymus to develop leads to a T-cell deficiency called?
DiGeorge's Syndrome
What CD is expressed on non-committed HSCs?
CD34
Where do T cells start differentiating?
Outer cortical region of thymus
What CD is present when T cells are committed?
CD2
What CD is present when B cells are committed?
CD19
What is a major protein regulator required to keep T cells from wanting to be B cells?
Notch 1
What is a major protein regulator required to keep B cells from wanting to be T cells?
Pax-5
Which T cells are NOT MHC restricted?
TcR 1 (gamma delta TcR w/ CD3)
Where are the hypervariable regions of TcR's located?
Within CDR's (1,2,3)
What cell is important in "bridging" the adaptive and immune system?
NK1.1+ cells (NKT cells)
What IL's presented by dendritic cells are important to make pre T cells change into TH1 cells?
IL 12 & IL-18
What molecules presented by APC's are important to make pre-T cells change into TH2 cells?
Allergens & B7 (CD80 & 86)
What T cell produces cytokines initiating inflammation and CMI?
TH1
What T cell produces cytokines that augment B cell activation and antibodies?
TH2
What T cell recruits inflammatory cells and are observed in increased # in crohn's dz & rheumatoid arthritis?
TH17
What is an important cytokine which stimulates the differentiation of stem cells into lymphoid progenitor cells?
IL-7