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23 Cards in this Set

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who studied blind / learning to see
William Molyneux
what experiment tested Molyneux imaginary experiment
kittens and monkeys with goggles in infancy, and then removed

results - could distinguish color and brightness, but lacked normal connections form cortical cells

- hadn't learned to "see" or interpret results
if sight it taken away in adulthood - what happens
nothing - person still able to see and interpret results

criticla time in infancy (shortly after birth)
what does pain experience depend on....
our expriences and attention, surrounding culture, and physiology

combine our bottom-up sensations with top-down processes
nociceptors
sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals
who developed gate-control theory
pshycologist Ronald Melzack

biologist Patrick Wall's
in relationship to pain - what does dpinal cord contain

and how does it work
small nerve fibers tht conduct most pain signals

large fibers that conduct most other sensory signals

tissue is damaged - small fibers activate and open gate - pain is felt

large fibers activty closes gain and pain is no longer felt

ex. stubbed toe - tissue damaged, small fibers open, pain - - - person massages area around stubbed toe, create competing stimulation that will block some pain messages
what are our bodies natural painkillers
endorphins
can brain create pain?
yes - phantom limb sensations
phantom limb sensations - describe
when body mininterprets the spontaneous CNS activity that occurs in teh absence of normal sensory input

7 of 10 amputees feel pain

even those born without a limb will perceive sensations from absent limb
tinnitus
ringing in the ears sensation
phantom sights
nonthreatening hallucinations
nerve damage have taste phantoms
such as ice water seeming sickeningly sweet
phantom smells
nonexistent rotten food
what do we feel, see, hear, taste, and smell with...
our brain
distractions to pain - describe
wining or playing through pain
who studied psychological influences on pain
carrie armel and vilayanur ramachandran

finger bending expirament
what do people remember about pain
1. record pain's peak moment
2. register how much pain they felt at the end
what magnitude/length of pain do people perfer
lower pain magnitude, but longer over higher magnitude and short
what influences pain
biological influences
psychological influences
social-cultural influences
perception of pain and social-culteral influences
tend ot perceive more pain when others also seem to be experienceing pain
controlling pain

what should be treated?
phsyical and psychological
distraction
looking away from a needle,
thinking of a comforting place
or immersion in 3d snowman world

pain is in the brain - so diverting the brain's attention may bring relief