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Shorter wavelengths have ______ waves per second and therefore _______ penetration, which makes them more dangerous.
more

more penetration
Wavelengths are measured _______ to ______ for length and frequency.
high point of wave to high point of wave
Particles are energy transported _______________.
Through space in the form of a wave
X-rays are generated in__________
the x-ray tube
Cathodes have a _____ charge and generate electrons which produce energy which are attracted to the ______charged _________
negative
positive
anode.
The negatively charged electrons from the cathode move across the tube to the anode, a tungsten covered plate and this results in _________
99% of energy generated is turned into heat

1% is the x-ray energy
The 1% of energy from the anode that becomes the x-ray is penetrated from the tube to:
the patient ----->film and then becomes the radiograph.
What is the definition of x-ray?
it is a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to visible light but of a much shorter wavelength which results in more penetration.
Who is credited with discovering x-rays and when?
William C. Roentgen in Nov 1895
What is electromagnetic radiation?
A method of transporting energy through space and is distinguished by wavelength, frequency and energy
How are electromagnetic radiation forms grouped?
According to wavelength and frequency and this is called the Electromagnetic spectrum.
Energy from fast moving electrons from cathode are attracted to the anode. These electrons are slowed or stopped by the atoms of the _________ and the ___________
target area anode

x-ray beam is created.
X-rays produce an ___________ image on photographic film that is made visible by ___________
invisible/latent

processing the film
What are 3 factors that influence amount of x-ray absorption?
*Atomic number-higher leads to increased absorption, decreased penetration
* Density of object-higher increased absorption, decreased penetration. Not = to thickness. Example is bones versus organs
*Energy of x-rays-energy behind beam. Less energy=increased absorption, decreased penetration
Photons are pure energy and are _________
carried by the wave.
Exposure to radiation may:
Cause cancer
damage or kill cells
cause temporary or permanent infertility
increased incidence of squamous cell carcinoma
What areas of the body are particularly sensitive to damage by x-rays?
*Skin & intestinal epithelium
*gonads
*thyroid
*lens of the eye
*blood forming organs
What is Maximum Permissable Dose (MPD)?
Means of measuring the dosage of radiation received by the radiographer. Measures the max amount a person may be exposed to in a given time with the aid of a dosimeter badge
What are the two categories of radiation exposure units?
*Absorbed Dose- Amnt of ENERGY transmitted by ionizing x-rays to matter. Measured in units called Grays (Gy)
*Dose Equivalent: Amnt of RADIATION equal to the absorbed dose in the tissue. Measured in Sieverts (SV)
Fluroscopy is a _____________
LIVE RADIOGRAPH
-never use in place of radiography
-use same safety precautions as regular x-rays
-Never palpate the area
Right kidney always sits
Higher
Apex of the heart points to the
Left
When collimating a joint view, you should collimate to what limits?
1/4 to 1/3rd above and below the joint
X-rays should be hung in what direction if it is a D/V or V/D view?
head at top in same position --R on right side etc.
X-rays should be hung in what position if it is a lateral view?
head to the left
If doing a radiograph of a limb, the affected limb should be_____________
on the table for better quality views.
The marker on the x-ray indicates what side is ____________ for abdominal or cavity x-rays.
down
What is a limit in a radiograph?
Parts of the body not necessarily seen but are the desired edges of that particular body part that need to be included in primary beam.
What are landmarks in a radiograph?
Parts of the body that you CAN SEE or palpate to make sure that the primary beam includes proper limits for that body part.
In radiograph positioning, what are considered the body cavities?
Thoracic, abdominal, skull, pelvic, spine
What are considered extremities in regards to positioning in radiography?
Bones and joints of limbs
In radiography, oblique refers to any view other than:
a straight on 90 degree angle view.
What are the 5 steps to processing any film, manual or automatic?
1) Developing
2) Rinsing/Stop bath
3) Fixing
4) Washing
5) Drying
The developer in x-ray film processing is an __________________ chemical solution that converts the latent (hidden) image on a film to a __________
Alkaline

visible image
After the film is exposed to the developer, it goes into the the rinse bath, which has ______________ in it and exposure to this _________
water

*slows, stops developing process
*rinses developer from film
*prevents contamination of the fixer
After the rinse bath, the film is then moved to the _____________, which is composed of an ___________ solution that removes unexposed crystals and hardens the gelatin coating so that it can be dried with out damaging the film surface.
Fixer

acidic
After going through the Fixer, the final solution is the _____________ which _______________ and in manual processing this step usually takes ______________
Washing

removes processing chemicals

20-30
In manual processing, if temp is 68 degrees F, the film should spend ____ minutes in the developer. For each degree lower, _______ developing time by 30 seconds, for each degree higher, _________ time by 30 seconds.
3

increase

decrease
You should never develop film more than __________minutes or less than ___________ minutes.
5

2
Fixing time should be ________ the developing time
twice
Clearing time refers to the _______________
minimum amount of time a film needs to be in the fixer in order to adequately remove the unexposed crystals and is usually 1 minute. After this minute the radiograph can be taking out for up to a minute for a quick peek but must go back in to finish the remainder of time.
What are the 2 types of water baths?
Stationary--must manually continually dip

Circulating-automatically dips film

Either one should rinse for 20-30 minutes
Automatic processing is pretty much the same as manual except that :
Much higher temps are used along with specially formulated chemicals to speed up processing.
All radiographs must have
A permanent label with :
Name and address of the hospital/vet
Date taken
Patient name and signalment and owners name
What are 3 methods of labeling radiographs?
Lead markers
lead impregnated tape (looks like masking)
Embosser-(photo imprinter)