Recog people

Connectionist model part bruce and young 86 model
explains priming
associative and repetition

self priming- stronger version associative
accross domains
need close association
cat membership not enough

cat priming for primes does occur
weaker associative

name face/ famous person & had to give name
Test- fam decision
-unknown/ same view/ diff view/ name
- same view face - face fastest
-diff view - fastest
Name not prime face

Need to add hebbian learning to explain rep priming- IACL

face naming, read name name to def fam decision

priming btw FRU/NRU = PIN and PIN-NPU/SIU
actually prob occurs throughout model

face/voice prime face over long/ short intervals (recog)
face prime face over long and short
voice prime voice over short only
short = residual pin activity
long = connection strength change
4 recog long intervals = domain only

Priming never seen for gender decision tasks

famous people unique surname (need to access SIU to det. gender)
Prime = nationality decision to face
gender decision to name
Test= gender decision to surname/ name/ face

Priming occurs if gender decision cannot be done prior to FRU/ NRU level - need access to diu so get priming due to residual PIN activity

, they have even been observed in children as young as 2

were the first to examine the TOT state. induced TOTs by reading definitions of low-frequency words, found a proportion of the ps will be placed in a TOT state by this task. lexical retrieval is not an all-or-none affair

Partial information, - syllables, the initial letter or sound, and the stress pattern, retrieved. P also often output phonological neighbours like “secant”, “sextet”, and “sexton”. These other words that come to mind are called interlopers.

TOTs show us that we can be aware of the meaning of a word without being aware of its component sounds; and furthermore, that phonological representations are not unitary entities

target items are inaccessible as are only weakly represented in the system

Woodworth (1938),

evidence 4 partial activation :both an experimental and a diary study in a group of young and old participants. They argued that the retrieval deficit involves weak links between the semantic and phonological systems

Partial activation: localized deficit w-in a two-stage model of lexical access, btwn the abstract lexical units and phonological forms.

evidence contrary to partial activation hypothesis- free association task. showed partial information provided by does not converge on the target.

participants not say out loud the interlopers in order they came to mind. also a noisy system no reason why attempt at retrieval should give the same incorrect answer.

that the target item is actively suppressed by a stronger competitor

phonological blocking

They presented a phonological neighbour of the target word and showed that this increases the chance of a TOT state occurring, whereas presenting a semantic neighbour does not. They interpreted this as showing that TOTs primarily arise as a result of competition

) further showed that the blocker is only effective if it is presented at the time of retrieval rather than just before.

methodological problems with these experiments. same results are found with these materials when the blockers are not presented, suggesting that the original results were an artefact of the materials

TOTs more likely to arise on low-frequency words have few close phonological neighbours. data fit a partial activation model ; phonological neighbours play a supporting rather than a blocking role in lexical access

suggest the levels of semantic and phonological processing in lexical retrieval are distinct. The tip-of-the-tongue state readily explained as success of the first stage of lexicalization but failure of the second.

grammatical gender can be preserved in tip-of-the-tongue states in Italian.

though speakers cannot retrieve the phonological form of a word, they retrieve some syntactic information about it.

preservation of gender in an Italian person with anomia, c could produce details about the grammatical gender of words that he could not produce

It is important to note that for many Italian words grammatical gender is not predictable from semantics. could retrieve the gender for both regular and exception words, which suggests that he could not just have used partial phonological information to predict grammatical gender.