Rehabilitation Counseling 201 CSUF

Smith - Hughes Act

Soldier's Rehab Act (Smith-Sears)

Smith - Fess Act

Social Security Act made Rehab program permanent

1936 - blind allowed to operate vending carts on federal property

1938 - Gov't mandated to purchase goods from workshops for blind

1943 - extended federal & state rehab program services to persons with mental retardation or mental illness and expanded types of physical restoration services that could be provided to pw physical disability

• extended services to prepare pwd for work during war

1954 - Led to Professionalization of rehab.

1. Research & Demonstration Grnts

2. Extension & Improvement Grnts

3. Facility Development

4. Provide for Professional Training @ Univ.

Placed greater emphasis on severely disabled and client involvement

1990 -Civil rights for PWD extended beyond federal government to public sphere

1998 act attempting to provide "one-stop" shops for voc rehab

Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1954. Provided training grants to colleges, research and demo grants, extension and improvement grants, and facility development funds.

(I) - Individual
with
(D) - Disabilities

(E) - Education

(A) - Act

Formerly Education for All Handicapped Children, renamed IDEA in 1997. Requires IEP for each disabled child.

State must implement procedures for locating, identifying, and evaluating all CWD & ensuring they are educated w/ CWOD (Mainstreaming) "to the greatest extent possible" and requiring modification in assessment and testing.

Individualized Education Plan

Independent Living Center

1. Advocacy - focus on rights of PWD

2. Information & Referral Services - community support groups, organizations & other unmet needs

3. Peer Counseling - for PWD by PWD

4. Independent Living Skills Training - skills training services directed at helping PWD reach higher levels of self-care in IL & participating in community activities

California adds:

• Housing
• Benefits
• Assistive Technology

Workforce Investment Act

1998

A major step in VR legislation. Concept of "1-stop-shop" center. Combined numerous federal workforce and employment programs

3 block grants in areas of
• (1) adult employment,
• (2) disadvantaged youth,
• (3) adult education & family literacy

• Increased client control of the vocational planning process

• Improved Links btw VR & other Federal Workforce Programs

• Expanded access to services

• Outreach to traditionally underserved populations

• Service provision by qualified personnel

• Ticket to Work & Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 (TWWIIA)

• Client co-author of IPE (Individualized Plan for Employment)

• Coun. as "facilitator vs. developer"

• VR establishes formal linkages w/ "one-stop" service delivery settings (i.e. Workforce Connection) to serve employment development needs of all

• VR addressed expansion through internal procedures

• RA amend-98 placed emphasis on voc outcomes involving telecommuting, self-employment, small business options, etc.

• Rehab Counselor to have master's degree & pass exam

• Concept of "Presumptive Eligibility" - coun. must document that person IS NOT eligible for services

• In cases of SSI/SSDI presumptive eligibility presumes already passed more stringent eligibility than required by VR

1. Serve Individuals with Severe Disabilities

2. Promote Consumer Involvement

3. Stress Program Evaluation

4. Support Research

5. Advance the Civil Rights of PWD

Notion that those person with the most severe disabilities should receive services first, rather than last or not at all because of perception that their likelihood of ever reaching sustained employment or true independent living was exceedingly low

Commission for Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities

Counsel on Rehabilitation Education

1. Body of knowledge & skills

2. Code of Ethics

3.Credentialing - (registration, certification. licensing)

4. Professional Associations

5. Professional Journals

• Problem Solving
• Common Sense
• Caring Heart (Empathy)
• Authenticity (Honesty)
• Humility

National Institute for Disability Related Research

SOD = Severity of Disability

OS = Order of Selection

• used to determine order of access to services

Client Assistance Program

• Assists w/ independent appeals of ineligibility judgments and acts as consumer advocates. Often located in ILCs. Made permanent in '78 amendments, received mandatory funding in 1984

Individual Written Rehab Program

• Advance the Civil Rights of PWD

•Movement to establish as minority status

•Took wording almost verbatim from Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Recognized need for awareness of discrimination/prejudice and segregation in transportation, housing, employment, architecture, etc.

• included due to lobby by PWD

• Sections 501, 502, 503, 504, 508

Affirmative Action in Federal Hiring

• est. Fed. Gov't as model for recruiting, hiring & advancing workers w/ disabilities

Accessibility in Transportation & Architecture

• Urged GSA, HUD and DOD to develop accessibility standards for agency buildings

• Est. Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (ATBCB) to enforce Arch. Barriers Act of '68

Affirmative Action by Federal Contract Recipients

• requires "reasonable accommodations"

Equal Opportunities: Non-Discrimination in all Gov't Services, Programs, Privileges & Benefits

• any Fed program or prog. receiving Fed funding. (schools, colleges, etc.)

• not implemented or enforced until 1977

• enforced by Dept. of Justice or by allowable individual lawsuits

• requires reasonable accommodations

Accessibility of Electronics & Information Technology (Telecommunications)

Three Prong Definition:

(1) Has a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits a major life activity

(2) Has a record or history of such an impairment

(3) or is regarded as having such an impairment

Impairment that leads to being unable to perform certain tasks

• Is a problematic task an "essential function" of the job

• will it cause an "undue hardship" on employer

• size of company (not under fed ADA unless 15+ employees)

• financial resources of company

• cost of accommodation

•environment of employment

Stated that if one part of entity receives federal money all of entity is subject to ADA

ex.: college nursing student with hearing loss/deafness being denied accommodation prior to litigation to force the issue

Individualized Transition Plan

• to connect transitioning school-age youth to adult rehab plan

6 - Berkeley ILC consider by many to be most groundbreaking and influential in regard to consumer involvement and advocacy

Prohibition of Discrimination in Employment Practices

• non-discrimination in all aspects of hiring

• covers all not just federal entities

Key terms:
• Essential functions of the job
• Reasonable Accommodation
• Undue hardship

related to 1973's 501 & 503

Fairness and Equality in Housing Authority

Every 4-6 years

2a - Nondiscrimination in ALL State & Local Government Services, Programs, Privileges & Benefits (extension of 1973's 504)

2b - Accessibility in Transportation (all public transportation systems)

Meant to strengthen attempts to insure consumer involvement

• informed consent

• est. State Rehab Councils (SRC)
-50% on council must be PWD
-PWD give input on rehab policy

•est. State Independent Living Councils (SILC) also 50% PWD

Nondiscrimination in all Public Accommodations & Commercial Facilities

Increased Access to Telecommunications

• extension of 1973's 508

Miscellaneous Provisions

• prohibits retaliation & coercion for "whistleblowers"

• 1st time congress covered its own hiring practices

1. Civil Rights

2. Deinstitutionalization

3. Demedicalization/Self-care

4. The Consumer Movement (Nader)

5. Self-Help Movement

6. Feminism

***possibly antiwar radicalism & activism that grew out of Vietnam protest

The misplaced sentiment that PWD are "noble" and different because of what they "endure"

• Medical

• Educational

• Functional Limitations (old rehab model)

• Independent Living

• Minority Group

Focus: disability as illness/disease, problem is in person

• The solution is diagnose, classify and treat

• Physician has power and goal is to heal or cure

• PWD role is PATIENT

Focus: ignorance is the problem with the person

• solution is to teach and inform

• teacher has power and goal is to gift knowledge

• PWD role is student

• Nonmaleficence (Do No Harm)

• Beneficence (Do Good)

• Justice (Fairness/Equality)

• Autonomy (Self-Governance)

• Fidelity (Promise Keeping)

• Deontology

• Utilitarianism

Ethical principle directing to DO NO HARM

Ethical Principle of acting in a manner that promotes well-being of others through both actions that provide positive benefits and actions that prevent harm (DO GOOD)

Ethical principle regarding treating people fairly. Implies treating equal persons equally and non-equal person differently if the inequality is relevant to the issue in question. Removing barriers to equality not giving advantage.

Respect for freedom of choice and action of the individual to the extent that those freedoms do not conflict with similar freedoms of others (right to SELF-GOVERN & INFORMED CHOICES)

Ethical principle dealing with the state of being faithful (PROMISE KEEPING)

The theory according to which actions are judged right or wrong based on inherent right-making qualities or principles rather than consequences

The theory an action is judged morally acceptable because it produces the greatest balance of good over evil taking into account all individuals affected

• when a danger to self or others

• when legally (by court) deemed incompetent

• Existential

• Aesthetic

Anxiety triggered by contact with PWD by PWOD that causes worry about their own appearance or loss of attractiveness. Societal idealization of body helps to marginalize PWD and causes them to self-marginalize and undermine own self-confidence.

Anxiety triggered in PWOD by contact with PWD that causes threat from realization of the fragility of the body and the possibility of experiencing pain and disability. Awareness of inability to control one's own state of health

• civil rights movement

• professionalization

• multiculturalism

National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation

National Rehabilitation Counseling Association

American Rehabilitation Counseling Association

National Rehabilitation Association

American Counseling Association

California Rehabilitation Counseling Association

National Council of Rehabilitation Educators

Rehabilitation Services Administration

Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification

Certified Rehabilitation Counselor

Certified Vocational Evaluator

Licensed Professional Counselor

Licensed Rehabilitation Counselor

Council On Rehabilitation Education

Commission for the Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities

Any mental or physical defect

Functional limitation resulting from an impairment that substantially limits one or more life activities

Societally imposed limitation in the form of physical or attitudinal barriers (environmental)

A person with an impairment or impairments that substantially limits functioning in one or more major life activities (PWD)

Eligibility based on 2 factors:

• presence of physical or mental disability that presented a significant barrier to employment

• PWD can benefit from rehabilitation services

• Economic

• Moral

• Balanced amalgam of the two (most effective)

• Independence & Self-sufficiency: dependecy is seen negatively. PWD seen as helpless, incompetent, dependent, passive, incapable

• Work & Productivity: worth based on visible contribution not inherent value

• Physical Appearance: PWD that don't meet ideal can become "invisible"

• problem is in person

• solution is to fix, train, and teach

• rehab pro has power

• goal is maximum functioning

• PWD role is client

Focus: removing dependence on others and removing lack of community support and barriers

• problem is with environment

• solution is to change environment and develop supports

• Consumer has power and goal is independence, interdependence and autonomy

• PWD role is consumer

1. Perceived Cause

2. Perceived Responsibility

3. Perceived Threat

4. Prevailing Economic Conditions

5. Prevailing Sociocultural Milieu

"Changing the Face of Human Service"

"A national leader in hands on real life rehabilitation"

"Yes-Makers"