Renaissance and Reformations Test

Trade with various peoples, Classical works, Crusades ending

Human potential, materialism, beauty, realism, human experience

Renaissance: perspective, idealism
Medieval: visual heirachy, No perspective, Characters' size distorted

Niccolo Machiavelli, Know how to fight, since you can't be good act good, Be loved and feared but not hated

German monk; Theses posted October 31, 1517 on church door; charity is better than indulgences, Bible is only authority, church teachings false

Henry wanted son (thought wife is infertile) therefore wants to re-marry, church doesn't allow him to so he creates his own church. In 1533 he married Anne Boleyn. King was head of church. Henry seized monasteries' wealth and land.

French lawyer, wrote Institutes of the Christian religion.
Teachings: men and women are sinful by nature
People cannot earn salvation
God chooses select few who will be saved

Working for others benefit
Public service
Helping the needy

Plague

Document signed in 1215 by King John under threat under the knife.
Protected rights of nobles'
Property
taxes

Venetian Mercahnt

Emphasis on people's potential and working to reach optimal acheivnment

Sculptor inventor, scientist, anatomist,
drew Mona Lisa

Two renditions
Raphael(1505)
Cimabue(1285)

Painter, sculpter, architect and poet

painted Sistine Chapel
Made David

Artist, painter
Madonna and Child
portrayed gentle and calm expressions.

artist, painter, sculptor
Made David First large freestanding nude since classical times
rediscovered perspective

Donatello's bronze statue of David (circa 1440s) is notable as the first unsupported standing work in bronze cast during the Renaissance period, and the first freestanding nude male sculpture made since antiquity

secular Pope

Son of Alexander Vi

important Italian city-state

author of The Prince

Powerful Florentine family

(1513) explains how a ruler can gain power sispite having enemies.

Charles V (24 February 1500--- 21 September 1558) was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, Central, Western, and Southern Europe, and (Spanish) colonies in the Americas.

A union of central European territories with a ruler appointed by the pope

Paying church so God will forgive sins

German preacher who funded reconstruction of st. Peter Baslica by selling indulgences

Faith is enough to pardon one of sins; work is unnecessary

Luther and his followers

German monk who wrote the 95 theses

Work posted of church door on oct 31 1517.
*People could gain god's salvation only by faith
*All teachings should be based on the bible:pope and church tradition are frauds
*all people with faith are equal; peope do not need priest to interpret bible for them

Meeting were Emperor Charles V decided that all German princes could decide the religion of their land.(1555)

in 1524, German peasants demanded an end to serfdom, went around countryside raiding monasteries pillaging, and burning.

belief that god chooses a select few who will be saved and go to heaven.God knows who since th beginning of times

Non-catholic Christians

upon return from refuge in Fredrick of Saxony's castle in 1522 Luther saw a town where many of Luther's ideas where put into practice.

(1529) parliament voting to make King head of church

Setting aside (marriage)

Henry VIII first wife

Protestant Church with King as head

King of England (1509-1547)
Created Church of England

In 1529 Henry VIII asked parliament to pass a set of law ending the pope's power in England

French Lawyer
wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion
reformer

Brought Calvinism to Scotland
Followers known as Presbyterians

Swiss town
Theocracy
Lead by John Calvin in 1540s

Meeting of Catholic Bishops from 1545-1563
1. Churches interpretation of the bible is final. Anyone who disagrees is a heretic
2. Christians need both faith and good work for salvation,
3. Bible and Church tradition are equally powerful authorities.
4. Indulgences are valid expressions of faith.(false selling of indulgences is banned)

Founder of the Jesuits

institution charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Catholic Church

Pope (1534-1549) reformed church
1. Directed a council of cardinals who investigates indulgences and other abuses.
2. Approved Jesuit order
3. used inquisition to seek out and punish heretics in papal territory
4. Called Council of Trent to meet

Pope who carries out the Council of Trent's decrees
made index of forbidden books and ordered thei burning

abstinence from worldly lust, sex,drugs,alcohol

being patient, prayerful and charitable

The wealth of Nations

"economic liberty guarantees economic progress"

believed in 'laissez faire'

massive increase in agricultural productivity and net output. This in turn supported unprecedented population growth, freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce, and thereby helped drive the Industrial Revolution. How this came about is not entirely clear. In recent decades, enclosure, mechanization, four-field crop rotation, and selective breeding have been highlighted as primary causes, with credit given to relatively few individuals.

1884-1885
14 European countries met and laid down the rules to the division of Africa

agreed that any european country could claim land in africa by notifying other nations of their claim and showing that they could control the area.

gave no thought on how African ethnic or religious groups were divided.

ich force poor to work for them in exchange for meager wages.

most people work a lot and all money goes to rich who work very little.

large fields where landowners experimented with new farming methods to boost crop yield.

results:

1. new farming methods developed
2. large landowners forced farmers to become tenant farmers or give up farming or move to city.

in 1813 he and 4 investors revolutionized american textile industry.

mechanized every stage of cloth manufacturing.
had weaving factory in Waltham, mass. partners named town after him post death.

german journalist.
wrote The Communist Manifesto
communism: total socialism, where all means of production(land, mines, factories, railroads, business) were owned by the people. everything shared equally.

built first factory in US to house Samual Slater's spinning machine. (Pawtucket, Rhode Island)1790

Indian Nationalist group
founded 1906

the policy or doctrine of asserting the interests of one's own nation, viewed as separate from the interests of other nations or the common interests of all nations.

British rule over India(1757-1947)

1789, a young British mill worker who immigrated to US with partial design of spinning machine

Jethro Tull's invention.
Problem: many seeds failed to germinate when farmers scattered seeds over soil.

Solution: A device that Allowed farmers to plant seeds in well spaced rows at specific depths. More seeds germinated therefore crops yield increased.

1857 uprising of Indian soldiers.
after soldiers myth that new rifle cartridges were sealed with beef and pork fat(soldiers needed to bite off seal to use cartridges).

natural selection :

Best company makes profits and inefficient ones go bankrupt.
some applied this to racial descrimination (we europeans are better than africans therefore we can dominate them)

British controlled southern tip of Africa.

history of Africans, Brits, and Dutch clashing

Boer War

Invented by James Hargreaves(1764)England

The device dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at once.

James Watt made it more efficient and faster.

Made transportation faaster along water routes and canals.

Man made water way that connected mediterranean to Red Sea. Cut through Isthmus of Suez. opened(18690

A cloth, especially one manufactured by weaving or knitting; a fabric

City building and movement of people to cities.

Lancashire carpenter who went to Belgium in 1799 carrying plans for spinning macinery.

Develop industries in a country on a wide scale.

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Two wars fought by Great Britain in Southern Africa

A member of the Dutch and Huguenot population that settled in southern Africa in the late 17th century.

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

A war between Russia and an alliance of Great Britain, France, Sardinia, and Turkey.

The action or system of rotating cropsThe action or system of rotating crops

A system of government in which a province is controlled by a central government

a broad-based political party in India, founded in 1885 and the principal party in government since independence in 1947.

a system of government of one nation by another in which governed people retain certain administrative, legal, and other powers.

Physical work

the policy or attitude of letting things take their own course.

An industrial city in Northwestern England; center for the English cotton industry.

What used to be the Turkish Empire.

The difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating or producing something.

The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race.

A track or set of tracks made of steel rails along which passenger and freight trains run.

English lawyer
All people born equal & free with 3 natural rights
1. life
2. Liberty
3. Property
Purpose of government is to protect these rights
if gov. fails then peoples' responsibilities to overthrow it

Foreign Minister of Austria
Most important at Congress of Vienna
Wanted to restore Balance of Power
(no country treat to other)

After National assembly
Had power to
1. create laws
2.approve or prevent any war the king declared

Became king at age 5(1643 AD)
“L'etat, C'est moi”
*Weakened nobles(excluded nobles from his councils)
*Created intendents
*Built Versailles

great grandson of louis XIV

inherited dept from predecessor

Borrowed $ to help Am. Revolutionaries v.s. Great Britain

Married Marie Antoinette

Brother of Louis XVI
in power while Napoleon banished to Elba

Wife of Louis XVI
lived Richly
Royal Fam. Of Austria
Spent money of gowns, jewelery, and gifts
gambling problem

Leader after Louis XVI guillutined
dictator
Tried to wipe out every trace of monarchy and nobility
head of Committee of public safety
decided who would be tried as enemy of state
Enemies of state guillotined afternoon of trial

Cardinal during Louis XIV's rule
*Richelieu's successor(in effect ruled france)
*Made peace treaty that ended 30 years war
*Increased taxes on nobles(nobles hated him)
France became most powerful country in Euro.

*Military genius
*Defended National Convention against royalists
*Directory appointed him to lead army
*won series of battles in against Austrian and *Sardinia in italy
*Seized power in Coup D'Etat( nov, 9, 1799)

1st one
3rd estate reps pass laws and reform in name of french people
After tennis court oath

3rd one
Governing body

Alliance with french royalty
after napoleons' defeat became part of Congress of vienna

Maximillien Robespierre's rule
dictator
Committee of public safety
trials
enemies of state guillotined

*Lous' XIII's minister.
*Ruler of france in effect.
2 things to increase power of Bourbon dynasty
* 1. Forbade protestant cities from having walls( believed that protestants were treat)
* 2. ordered nobles to take down fortified castles( weakened nobles)

Napoleon had failed invasion of russia
russians did scorched earth
french troops struggled to survive russian winter
Battle of Borodino (30,000 french die)

Rich nobles
owned 20% of land
*No taxes
*2% of population

When french troops failed to hold back the prussians
citzens rioted
parisians raided prisons and murdered 1,000 prisoners
Victims included
1. royalists
2. Nobles
3. clergymen

3rd estate reps were locked out of Estates-General
pledged to stay in tennis court until they drew up new constitution

*98% of population
*half of income paid in taxes
Bourgousie
City workers
Peasants

Philosopher
“people are naturally selfish and wicked”
[Gov. needed to create order & prevent breakout chaos]
SOCIAL CONTRACT:To escape a bleak life people give up certain rights to strong ruler. In exchange they get law& order

Only battle that Napoleon lost
took place in 1805 off the coast of Spain
Horatio Nelson outmaneuvered Napoleon's fleet
Assured British naval supremacy for next 200 years
Forced Napoleon to give up plans of invading Britain

Working against, or betraying a country you belong to

The war of 1775 to 1783 in which the american colonists won independence from British rule.

A Country that was always at war with France

French political philosopher.

Separation of powers

A fortress in Paris built in the 14th century and used in the 17th-18th centuries as a state prison. Its storming by the mob on July 14, 1789 marked the start of the French Revolution

An organization that was set up by the National Convention in 1793, decided who was a threat and who wasn't.

A balance of power that existed in Europe from the fall of Napoleon to the end of the Crimean War

An international conference held 1814-1815 to agree upon the settlement of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.
Goal: restoration and strengthening of hereditary and sometimes despotic rulers; the result was a political stability that lasted for three or four decades.

A blockade designed by Napoleon to paralyze the English trade routes

A declaration stating that every person is entitled to life, liberty, and property.

The French revolutionary government in France 1795-1799, comprising two councils and a five member executive. It maintained an aggressive foreign policy but could not control events at home and was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte

The legislative body in France until 1789, representing the three estates of the realm

The clergy in France of the 1700s

French revolutionary. Initially an ally of Robespierre, he later revolted against the severity of the Revolutionary Tribunal and was executed on Robespierre's orders.

an island that comprises of northern island and the UK

A machine with a heavy blade sliding vertically in grooves, used for beheading people.

A member of a small independent group taking part in irregular a

British admiral. He became a national hero as a result of his victories at sea in the Napoleonic Wars, especially at the Battle of Trafalgar, in which he was mortally wounded

The period of time between Napoleon's escape from Elba to the end of the Waterloo campaign

A title given to a high-ranking official or administrator.

Swiss born banker and director general of French finances. In 1789, he recommended summoning the Estates General and was dismissed, this being one of the factors that resulted in the storming of the Bastille

French philosopher and writer, born in Switzerland.
1. civilization warped goodness of human nature
2. Ill effects can be moderated by active participation in democractic consensual politics.