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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Where is the majority of potassium stored?
-intracellular vs extracellular |
98% is intracellular
--storage in muscle, liver, bone and RBCs |
pg 93 |
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How do we maintain potassium balance?
-what % is excreted in the stool vs urine (normally) |
--90% in the urine
--10% in the stool |
pg 93 |
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What are the two functions responsible for the maintenance of plasma [K]?
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1. Normal distribution of K between the ICF and ECF
2. Urinary excretion of K added to the ECF from the diet |
pg 94 |
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What factors increase K uptake by an average cell anywhere in the body? What do they act upon?
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-- catecholamines
-- insulin -- hyperkalemia -- exercise -- all increase the activity of the Na/K ATPase with the exception of exercise |
pg 94/95 |
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Abnormalities induced by hypokalemia
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1. muscle weakness/camps or paralysis
2. cardiac arrhythmias/ST-segment depression/predisposition to digoxin toxicity 3. myalgias/rhabdomyolysis 4. renal dysfunction and pathology 5. endocrine abnormalities |
pg 98/99 |
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Metabolic acidosis with urinary K wasting
-causes (3) |
1. salt wasting nephropathy
2. renal tubular acidosis types II and I 3. ketoacidosis |
pg 99 |
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Hypokalemia wih metabolic alkalosis
-causes (3) |
1. non-K sparing diuretics
2. vomiting or nasogastric tube suction 3. mineralcorticoid excess |
pg 99 |
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Hyperkalemia
-etiology (4) |
1. Pseudohyperkalemia -- bad measurement
2. Increased K load 3. ICF --> ECF shift of K (many causes) 4. Inadequate urinary excretion |
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ICF --> ECF shift of potassium
--causes (8) |
1. Metabolic acidosis
2. Insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia 3. Hyperosmolar states 4. Beta-adrenergic blockade 5. Severe exercise 6. Digitalis overdose 7. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis 8. Succinylcholine and arginine HCl |
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Inadequate urinary excretion of potassium
--major cause |
--Drugs -- NSAIDs, potassium sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors
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Hyperkalemia
--clinical manifestations |
--neuromuscular: paresthesias, weakness, paralysis
--renal: decrease ammonia production and excretion --endocrine: increased aldosterone and insulin secretion **cardiac** atrial/ventricular arrhythmias, pacemaker dysfunction, shortened QT interval and elevated T segment |
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Hyperkalemia
--diagnosis (important lab finding) |
Urine potassium of less than 20mEq/L is indicative of renal defect in responding to hyperkalemia
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